Grammar of the New Zealand language

Maunsell, Robert, 1810-1894., Upton & Co., 1894., Auckland [N.Z.], 1894

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GRAMMAR OF THE NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.

G R A M M A R OF TIIE NEW ZEALAND LANG0AGE

BY R. MAIJNSELL, LL.D., ARCHDEAGON OF AUCKLANl).

FOURTH EDITION.

UPTON & CO., AUCKLAND MDCCCXCIY.

(2? R. ft. (o Ce? (

LÒ- W

printed by Wilsons & Horton, General Printers, auckland.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

Independently of minute and numerous subdivisions, it may, perhaps, be correct to state that there are spoken in this, the nortbern island, seven leading dialects, each more or less distinguisbed from tbe otber, viz.: — lst, theEarawa, ortbat spoken to thenorthward of Kaitaia ; 2nd, tbe Ngapuhi, or tbat spoken in tbat portion of the island as far soutb of Kaitaia as Point Eodney on tbe eastern coast, and Kaipara on tbe western; 3rd, tbe Waikato, or tbat spoken in tbe district lying between Point Eodney and Tauranga on tbe east, and Kaipara and Mokau on tbe west ; 4th, tbat spoken in tbe Bay of Plenty ; 5th, tbe dialect of tbe East Cape and its neighbourhood, in which, perhaps, may be included tbat of Eotorua, tbougb in tbese two places many little difīerences migbt be detected; 6th, tbat spoken in tbe line of coast between Port Nicbolson and Wanganui, tbougb bere, also, at least four different brancbes migbt be traced ; 7th, and last, tbat spoken between Wanganui and Mokau. Tbe dialect of Taupo may be, perbaps, considered a mixture of tbose of Eotorua and Waikato.

All these may be stated to bear to each otber a remarkable radical afíinity. Many words, it is true, may be foimd in one which are unknown in another ; but the grammar of any one will give a great insight into tbe texture of all. The Waikato dialect is very generally known throughout the larger portion of the island. It has deeply tinctured that of Taupo, and is well-known at Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty, and has been earried to the summits of Taranaki by the multitudes whom its fìerce warriors once dragged f rom thence in slavery, and whose chains have since been snapped by the power of the Gospel. Ngapuhi to the northward are well acquainted with it, from the number of slaves who had been fetched from thence by the warrior Hongi ; and a little before his time it was earried to the neighbourhood of Port Nicholson by two large and distinct migrations— one by Ngatitoa, who were the original possessors of Kawhia ; another by Ngatiraukawa, who formerly occupied Maungatautari, and as far as Taupo. The four tribes, also, who now occupy the banks of the Thames, resided formerly for a very long period in Waikato, and, being sprung from the same stock, speak a language so similar that a critical ear can scarcely tell the difïerence between the dialects of the two people.*

* Marutuahu, from Kawhia, is the great progenitor of the Thames tribes, and his ñame is often used to designate that people. Kawhia, we may add, is the place at which, according to the accounts of the people of Waikato, Taranaki, as well as those of Ngatiruanui, the early immigrants, landed.

The origin of this people, — what part of this island was fìrst occupied, — whether it was not colonized by different migrations from different islands, — are points as yet buried in darkness. That it was not occupied by merely one migration has ever been the opinión of the author since he heard of the different condition and habits of the people of the East Cape and those of Waikato. A survey of the different dialects will confìrm the conjecture, and nowhere can we get a better illustration than at Taupo. For that magnifìcent lake, in the centre of the island, and the point of meeting for two parties, as they approach froni either coast, presents also a remarkable diversity in the languages spoken on the eastern and western banks. On the eastern, the dialect corresponds closely with that of Eotorua, from which it is distant about a four days' journey; on the northwestern, which is occupied by a remnant left by the Ngatiraukawa in their great migration to the southward, the dialect is remarkably similar to that spoken in Waikato.* The points of similarity between the fundamental principies of the Hebrew language and those of Maori haye been occasionally noticed : not, however, because the author entertains any opinión that the two

* These remarks might also be extended to Rotorua lakes, on the north- western extremity also of which are residing another remnant of Ngatiraukawa, whose dialect is, as far as the author recollects, different from that spoken by Ngatiwokaaue.

languages can claim any direct relationship to each other. Upon this only would he insist, in reply to those who would bind him down to the model of some of the European grammars, that Maori, like Hebrew, is altogether difîerent from those languages in structure ; that every subject of scientifìc inquiry must have rules and an arrangeinent suited to its nature ; and that, as it would be absurd to construct the English on the basis of the Latin, so would it be more out of course to think of fìnding in Maori declensions, conjugations, modes of comparison, &c., &c., as accurately deíined, or conducted on the same principies, as those of languages so polished, and so adapted for expressing as well the minutest varieties in thought as the tenderest emotions of the feelings. And here the author would acknowledge his obligations to Professor Lee for his theory of the Hebrew tenses. On no other hypothesis can a satisfactory solution be given of the Maori tense. The student is requested to notice that the remarks that are more suited to a beginner are printed in large type, and that matters which are of less importance to him are contained in the smaller. It will be, perhaps, most advisable for him to omit the perusal of the latter until he has mastered the former. Waikato Heads, February , 1842.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. ORTHOEPY. The letters of Maori Of the sound of the vowels Of the diphthongs Homogeneous sounds, when they meet in a sentence Of the consonants A table of peculiarities of pronunciation in the principal dialects. CHAPTER II. OF THE ARTICLE. The articles Of the definite article te Of its plural nga Of the indefinite article he Of te tahi when used as an article Of the particle a. CHAPTER III. OF THE NOUNS. Nouns primitive and derivative Compound words Verbal nouns Proper names Gender of nouns Number of nouns Of the postfìx ma Reduplication of nouns Cases of nouns.

CHAPTER IV. OF THE ADJECTIVES. Their gender, number, and case Reduplication of. CHAPTER V. OF THE NUMERALS. Of the cardinals Their prefixes Their manner of combination, &c. Prefixes for denoting — Persons Distribution Fractions of length. Ordinals. Three ways for denoting them. CHAPTER VI. OF THE PRONOUNS. Of the personal pronouns Of the possessive pronouns Of the relative pronouns Of the demonstrative pronouns Of nei, na, and ra Of the interrogative pronouns Mode of supplying the defect of distributive pronouns Of the indefinite pronouns. CHAPTER VII. OF THE VERBS. Verba primitive, derivative, and compound Mood Tense Imperative mood Paradigm of tense in simple sentences Passive voice (table of examples) Remarks on Verbal nouns (their formation) Neuter verbs Participial adjectives.

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE PREPOSITIONS. List of prepositions Remarks on them Proper meaning of na, ma, &c. CHAPTER IX. OF THE ADVERBS. Primitive and derivative adverbs Classification and list of adverbs and adverbial expressions. CHAPTER X. OF THE PARTICLES. Atu, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau. CHAPTER XI. Of the conjunctions. CHAPTER XII. Of the interjections. CHAPTER XIII. OF THE SYNTAX. Preliminary Remarks. Terms explained Complex and incomplex propositions Remarks on the general features of Maori Epanorthosis. CHAPTER XIV. SYHTAX OF THE ARTICLE. Ko an article Its peculiar features The omission of the article He and te tahi The particle a.

CHAPTER XV. SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. Nouns in apposition Artcicle prefixed to them Preposition Exceptions Clauses in epanorthosis, irregularity of The answer to a question, construction of. Possessive Case denotes. Intensity Date of an act Useful in predication Used instead of other cases Position of, when the governing word is twice repeated Governing word often omitted Material, or quality, of a thing how denoted by a substantive The form of the substantive often used for that of the adjective. Objective Case. Position of How compound words govern others Kai prefixed to a verb Te prefixed to proper names Ngati and rangi O and A, distinction between. CHAPTER XVI. SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES. Position of adjectives Verbal adjectives Exceptions Many adjectives to one substantive One adjective to two or more substantives Of the forms occasionally assumed by the adjective Comparison of adjectives.

CHAPTER XVII. SYNTAX OF NUMERALS. Particles prefixed to numerals Case following Position of numeral Repetition of numeral Tua and whaka as numeral prefixes. CHAPTER XVIII. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. Position of pronouns Often omitted Singular and dual often denote a tribe Other uses of A pronoun in the singular will refer to a noun in the plural In the third person will refer to the first or second person Used for the conjunction and The noun belonging to the pronoun often omitted Relative pronouns, the substitutes for them. Demonstrative Pronouns. Useful as auxiliaries Other peculiarities of Nei, na, and ra Interrogative pronouns (strange use of). CHAPTER XIX. SYNTAX OF THE VERB. The Verbal Particles. E Ana E—ana Ka I Kua Kia Kia and ki te, distinction between Sometimes no verbal particle prefixed Ai as used in connection with the verb Whaka , uses of

Adverbs as auxiliaries Defect of substantive verb, how supplied Prepositions as auxiliaries Tendency of Maori verb to assume tbe form of a substantive The fìnite verb may follow the oblique case Predication performed by the possessive case Compound tenses Other circumstances which affect the time or voice of a verb Verbs associated to qualify each other Repetition of verbs of other words Passive Verbs, use of Sometimes supplanted by the active Neuter Verbs which assume the passive form. CHAPTER XX. OF THE PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, AND CONJUNCTIONS.

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS.

adj. — adjcctive. adv. — aãverb. n. — noun. verb. adj. — verbalizcd adjective. v. — verb. v. a. — verb active. vide S. — denotes that further i will be found the Syntax.

GRAMMAR OF THE NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I. OF THE PRONUNCIACION OF MAORI.

The letters of Maori are as foîlows : —

OF THE SOUNDS OF THE YOWEL8. A Has three sounds ; the slender, somewhat broader, and the full broacl sound. 1. The slender ; as in hat, pat. 2. The somewhat broader ; as in mar, far, father 3. The full broad ; as in wall, hall, &c.

NAME. A a as in fall, fat. E e as a in acorn. H ha . I i as i in French or ee in sleep. K ha. M ma. N rt a. 0 o. P pa. R ra. T ta. U u. W wa. KG- nga.

The following is a list of words classified under these heads : —

The second and third heads differ but little f rom eaeh other, and it sometimes raay be diífìcult to decide under which of the two the sound should be classed. The reader is requested to notice that the distinctions aboye made are not founded so much. on the length of the sound as on the difíerences of the sounds themselves. If the length of the sound be considered, other classes (at least two) might easily be established ; but the learner would, we fear, be more perplexed than benefìted by the addition. The speaker should remember that in some compound words the last syllable of the fìrst word, if it end in a, is pronounced strong ; — Patungā-poaka, place whe pigs are killeil ; Ma-hingā-kai, a cultivation ; Matā-pu, the of a a lullet ; Ta te tutuā tu, the plebeìarìs manners. Note. — There are exceptions to this rale which. it would be well for the student of observation to notice. In pronouncing such words as kata, mata, tata, the speaker rnust be careful not to slur over the first ,

1. \ 2. 3. patu, to strike. \ p«tu, partition of a house. matua, a father. matua, fathers. whana, to kick, mavama, the moon. marama, light. wahi, a place. trt'ki, to drag a canoe t«ki, take from the whaki, to confess. in water. fire. m«teng«, death. matenga, head. ware, a plebeian. Mringa, ear. taringa, waiting for. pt/'kffru, broken. pakarua, y. p. broken. pakeke, hard. pakeke, to creek. tang«t«, a man. . . tangata, tahu, to burn. tahuhu, a ridge- whare, a house. pole.

as if it were k?ta, m?ta, &c. It sbould be pronounced clearly and distinctly. JS Is pronounced as a in bate, bate, &c., only not quite so slow, or so broad. Perbaps tbe final ?in tbe Frencb words café, felicité, would be a closer resemblance ; e g. koe, rea, re, ket?, ma te, i, r (2.) As e in poetice!, the re; e.g. a, renga-renga,, hete, rere. Few sounds in Maori are more frequently mispronounced by foreigners tban e. To he, nga,re, ku ho mai te waka, te reinga, te rangi, rew^ra, kom*o, have been all so carelessly pronounced as to sound to the native ear as if spelt, to ngari, kumia, ho ta mai ti waka, to reinga, to rangi, rewara, kororo. The reader should also be careful not to give e the diphthongal sound of ei ; as in ne, the interrogative partióle, &c. I. I is pronounced like tbe Frencb i ; as ee in sleep, green, &c.; wben distinctly and fully pronounced, it imparts mucb naelodiousness to tbe sentence ; e.g. axiki, kīk i, to chatter , &c. In tbe following it bas a sborter sound : — kaki, crowded ; rmti, t?ti, &c. N.B. — The speaker should be careful not to confound i with the Maori e ; as in such words as wakatoi, lioi, &c. O Has a long and a sbort sound — a long ; as tōtö, to drag. A sbort ; as toto, blood. N.B. — We have no sound in Maori to correspond to the o in not, hot, pot, &c. ü. Tbis sound is also uniform in kind, and always corresponds to oo in book, &c. It sometimes, bowever,

experiences a more quick, sometimes a more slow pronunciation. The following table exhibits two variations, beginning with the shorter : —

In pronouncing u, the speaker will have to guard against the error of those who prefix the aspírate when no aspírate is admissable. Aceording to them &c., are pronounced as if spelt hu , hutu. He will also have to beware of the more common and stubborn error of giving u the dipthongal sound of u in tube, mute, &c. Tonu, ketu, tonutia, are, in this va y, pronounced as if spelt ton iu, toniutia, ketiu. JJ, again, is sometimes, by careless speakers, confounded with o, and vice versa. Thus ihu, niho, tooth ; have been erroneously pronouneed as if spelt iho, nihu.

OF THE DIPHTHONGrS. This portion of Maori literature has been as yet but little explored ; and as each person's notions will vary with the acuteness of his ear, and the extent to which his judgment has been exercised, we may be prepared to expect a considerable discrepancy of opinión. We shall therefore proceed with caution, and offer only what may be most useful, and most necessary for the student. The field of discussion may be mnch limited if we íìrst define what we mean by the word " diphthong." The best¡ defìnition we can find, and the one most suited to , the nature of the diphthong, is, we think,

L 1 2. tuvi, a knee. tuM, disobedient. tutii, same as tupakihi of tutu (manu), a Kgapuhi. kiiku, a shell. kiiku, a pigeon. kuhu. tutua. huna utu, to pay. utu, to draw water.

that of Mr. Smith in Walker. A diphthong," he says, "Iwould define to be two simple vocal sounds uttered by one and the same emission of breath, and joined in such a manner that each loses a portion of its natural length, but from the junction produceth a compound sound equal in the time of pronouncing to either of them taken separately, and so making still but one syllable." Folio wing this defìnition, three tests for a diphthong suggest themselves — 1. The emission of the two sounds by the same breath. 2. Their amalgamation, or, more correctly, their coalescing ; for each vowel in the Maori diphthong is distinctly heard. 3. The abbreviation in the natural length of each simple sound. In applying these rules to the dipthongs, it will be perhaps most prudent to divide them, under the present imperfect state of our knowledge, into two classes: — 1. The certain, or those of the diphthongal character of which there can be but little question. 2. The doubtful, or those upon which inquirers may be likely to entertain different opinions. The diphthongs which we consider certain are as follows : — aa, ae, ai, ao, au, ee, ei, ii, oo, ou, uu. On these we will offer a few remarks. Those diphthongs which are formed by a double letter, such as aa, are distinguished by a stronger and fuller sound ; as in Wakaaro, rapwwtu, &c. AE Is a sound for which it is difficult to find a parallel in English, and which most speakers confound with in such words as waewae, waeroa, paewae, &c.

The English aije comes perhaps closer to it. It must be pronounced broad and. open, and. care must be taken to keep out the squeezed sound of the i. Al May be well represented by the i in shine. AO Has no representative in English that we are aware of. In pronouncing it, the speaker must be careful to let the o be distinctly, but not too prominently, heard; and considerable care will be required to keep it distinct from au in the following words, as otawhao, whawhao, tao, hao, &c.; neither, again, must the speaker divide the diphthong into two syllables, as some speakers do otaota, &c. AU May be pronounced like ou in drought, trout, pound, &c. El May be represented by the a in hail, , &c. Care must be taken not to suppress altogether the », as is sometimes done in such words as tenei, penei, &c. OU Is a sound of some diffìculty. There is no sound that we are aware of in the English language that exactly corresponds to it. Low, sow, mow, &c., may be made to resemble it, by pronouncing them slowly, and letting the sound die away into u. Most foreigners are apt to pronounce it as a simple o. The first syllab]e of kouton is one of very diffìcult pronunciation. Without «reat care it will be variously pronounced, as if koitou, kotou, or kutu. By not attending to these distinctions the speaker will often lose the benefit of a good thought. A speaker, guarding his

hearers against spiritual temptations, borrowed bis illustrations from a poukaka (the percli for the parrot, by which it is caught), telling tbem tbat Satan often presents poukakas to attract them to ruin ; unfortunately, however, instead of poiìkaka, he used jt?okako, a squall of wind and rain, and only expressed his point by exciting their risibility. The doubtful class of diphthongs are man (as in mãu, for thee , tāu, tìiy) ai (as in māia, Ir ave), ea, eo, eu, io, iu. On these we do not wish at present to make many observations. We believe that there is a considerable difference amongst Maori speakers respecting them. Our own idea is that there may be a few occasions on which some might be considered diphthongs ; and that those occasions are, the position of the syllable, whether at the end of the word or elsewhere, as also whether it come under the influence of the accent. We cannot dismiss this subject without mentioning two particulars, very- necessary to be remembered by all who wish to attain to an accurate pronunciation of Maori. First, as it is in English, every sentence is to be pronounced as if one word. 2. Homogeneous vowels will, when they meet, almost always run into a diphthong. The following sentence, koia i e ta to ratou uri, would be thus pronounced by a native : eia-to-ratouri. Koia ia i riri ai would run koiai-aiririai. This same subject of homogeneous vowels coalescing into diphthongs is one which has not received the attention it merits.

OF THE CONSONANTE. ĪL This is the same as the English h. It is not, however, known on the western coast of New Zealand, to the sonthward of Mokau, in the district of Taranaki. Its place is supplied by a curious stammer or jerk of the voice. A gentle sibilancy accompanies its pronunciation amongst Ngapnhi, which some speakers erroneously confound with sh.

K. K has the sound of the English ; as in kill, &c. IT, N, M, N, P, have the same sound as in English. R. E has two sounds : ( 1 ) rough ; as in rain, &c.; e.g., kahore, rorea, roro, roto. (2) The second is more soft, and is formed by a gentle jar of the tongue against the palate ; so gentle, indeed, is the vibration that most foreigners pronounce it like d or l, as in raro, ruru, rimú, pouaru, pari, muri, mariri, koiri, korikori, kouru, maru. T. This is a letter which few Europeans pronounce correctly. It is not pronounced like the t in temper, tea, &c.; but rather like the sharp th of apa¿Åy, sympa¿Åy, Athens, apo¿Åecary. Those who watch a native's tongue while pronouncing this letter, will fìnd that the rule for attaining this sound is, to apply the tongue, not to the root, but to the top of the teeth, and hardly emit a. W Has two sounds — one simple, as tbat in wind, &c. ; e.g., wai, water ; waka, a canoe ; ware, a pleleian. 2. An aspirated w, as in when, where, &c. ; whai, follow ; whare, a house , &c. NG. The speaker should be careful in uttering this sound not to sepárate the n from the g, as is sometimes done by foreigners. The n and g intimately coalesce, and those who have learned to pronounce the French encore will fìnd no diffìculty in catching it. The following rule will, we trust, help the beginner : —

Press the rniddle of the tongue to the roof of tlie mouth, near the throat, and simultaneously relax the pressure, and pronounce na. Of course care Hiust he taken that the tip of the tongue does not touch the palate.* Folio wing is a table setting forth a few of the variations in pronunciation of the leading dialects of New Zealand. It will be observed that the ñame of a place is employed to denote the dialect for which that place and i es vicinity are remarcable.

See also the letters ng and h.

* This sound is not known in the Bay of Plenty. Its place is supplied by a simple n, further southward by k.

Ngapuhi. Waikato. East Cape Rotorua. Taupo. Taranaki. Keri Keri Kari Kari Kari Tatou Tatou Tatau Tatau Tatou and Tatou Tatau Matou Matou Matau Matau Matou and Matou Matau Ratou Ratou Ratau Ratau Ratou and Ratou Ratau Koro&Korua Korua Koutou Koatou Koutau Koutau Koutou & Koutou Taua or Tao Taua Taua Taua [Koutau Maua or Mao Maua Maua Maua Raua or Rao Raua Raua Roua Hei Hei Hai Hai Hai & Hei Ei Kei Kei Kai Kai Kai & Kei Kei Tutei Tutai Tutai Tutai Tutai Tutei Wha VVa Maoa Maia Maoa Maia & Maoa Hohou Whawhau Hohouand O-ou Whawhua Teina Teina Taina Taina Teina Teina Tarai Tarai Tarei Tarei Tarai Heoi Heoti Heoti Eoi and Eoti Kua Kua Koua Kua&Koua Ku Kia Kia Kia Kia Kia Ki Horo Hohoro O-oro Topa Tao Tao Tao Roa p,o Tonu Tonu Tou 1

CHAPTER II. OF THE ARTICLE.

§ 1. Tlie articles in Maori are as folio ws : — (a) The defìnite article te and its plural ; e.g. te tangata, the man. nga tangata, the men. ib) The indefìnite articles and its plural etahi ; e.g. Sing. he maripi, a hiife. Plur. he maripi ena ? are ? te tahi , maripi, a hnife. e tahi maripi, some knives. (c) The arthritic partióles a and ; e.g. a Hone, John. ko koe, you. § 2. Te is not so uniformly defìnite as the English the ; being sometimes used — ( a ) Where no article would be employed in English, i.e. in cases where the noun is taken in its widest sense ; e.g. I ma te kaipuke, went bg ship. He kino te tutu, ãisobedience is sinful. Ko te rangi me te wenua e pahemo, heaven and earth shall pass aivay, {b) Sometimes it is employed instead of the English a; e.g. He mea kaha te hoiho, a horse is a strong thing. E kore te tangata tika e wehi i te mate, a virtuous man will not fear death.

(c) Sometimes it is used instead of the pronoun some ; e.g. Kei tahaetia e te tangata, it should he stolen hy some person ; na te tangata noa atu, hy some person or other. (d) It is employed for many other purposes which the English the does not recognise. We shall only mention the folio wing : — Te tini o te kaipuke, how many ships there are ! Note. — It has been asserted that te is sometimes used in the plural number, as in the preceding example, " te kaipuke," and in the folio wing — te tini o te tangata, many ka reka te pititi, peaches are sweet. We are more inclined to think that we have in these examples the operation of a figure of frequent occurrence in Maori, viz., synecdoche, and that one of a class is made to represent a whole class. Expressions of this kind are common in English without involving the plural number of the article ; e.g. tlie of the tree, a great many, a few men, §c. Bishop Lowth's remarks on these instances are quite to the point : — " The reason of it (he says) is manifest from the effect which the article has in these phrases ; it means a small or great number, collectively taken, and therefore gives the idea of a whole, that is, of unitv. Thus likewise, a a thousand is one whole number, an aggregate of many collectively taken ; and, therefore, still retains the article a, though joined as an adjective to a plural substantive ; as, a liunãred ( e ) Lastly, te is sometimes employed before proper ñames ; e.g. Te Puriri, Te TJira. Note 1. — To define the rule by which the article is prefixed or omitted before proper ñames is a work of some difficulty, usage being very irregular. Note 2. — Sometimes te is blended with o into one word ; as in the folio wing example : — ki Hone whare, to the house of John, instead of ki te whare o Hone. Note 3. — The student should be careful, in speaking, to distinguish between the article te and the negative partióle te.

The^ latter sliould always be pronounced more distinctly and forcibly than the article. § 3. Nga may with strict propriety be called the plural of the defìnite article. There are a few exceptions, or, rather, slight yariations, which we do not think it necessary to mention. § 4. He varíes in some respects in its uses from the English a. (a) It is used sometimes where no article would be employed in English ; e.g. A, ho atu ana e ratou he moni ki a ia, they gave him money. (¿) It is occasionally used in the same sense as some in English ; e.g. Kawea he wai, fetch some water. (i o ) It is used in the plural number ; e.g. He uwha kau aku poaka, my pigs are aīl femóles. He tini oku kainga, my farms are many. § 5. A great many uses of the indefìnite article are shared by he with te tahi. We shall mention here a few of them : — Ho mai te tahi maripi, give me a Tcnife. Tahuna mai te tahi rama, kindle a light. N.B. — Te tahi exactly corresponds with the definition given by Bishop Lowth of the English article a. "It determines it (the thing spoken of) to be one single thing of the kind, leaving it stil] uncertain which." A similar use of the numeral one we find in French, sometimes in Hebrew, and more than once in the New Testament [vicie Matt. xxi. 19, and Markxiv. 51). We need not look abroad for parallel instances ; our indefìnite article an being, as every etymologist is aware, the Saxon article which signifies one. ili) Etahi may be considered as corresponding to the partitive article des of the Erench. It determines

the things spoken of to be any number of things of the kind, leaving it uncertain how many, or which of the things they are. It closely resembles the adjective some of English, and we enumérate it here among the articles because it only difïers from te tahi (which is clearly an article) in beíng its plural ; e.g. Maku e tahi ika? gìve me some fish. § 6. A% is a regular attendant on the personal pronouns ; e.g. a koe? yon ; ki a ia, to him. ib) It is also the article by which the ñames of individuáis and tribes are always preceded ; e.g. a Hone, kei a Hone, with John ; i a Ngapuhi. Note 1. — When the partióle ko is preñxed to either the proper ñame or the pronoun, a is omitted ; e.g. ko Iíone, ko ia. (2.) It is also omitted after the prepositions e, ma , mo, no, na, o, a. The prepositions with which it is retaìned are i, ki, kei , and their compounds — i runga i, &c. ; e.g. i runga i a Hone, above John . Note 2. — Europeans who have not made the language a study, often verj^ incorrectly substituto e for a before a proper

*Some, perhaps, may object to our regarding a as an article, and may remind us of the definition that an article is 4 a word prefixed to substantives to point them out, and show how far their signification extends." This, however, is to make rules precede investigation, and our reply is, that if Bishop Lowth, from whom this definition is derived, had been writing on the Greek article, he would, most probably, have never given such a definition. Every scholar is aware of the disputes that have been agitated among the learned respecting the uses of this article, and that some have even maintained uthat its use is guided by no rule at all." The fact is, every language has its peculiarities, and it would be absurd to maintain that because any given part of speech has certain powers in one language, it must have the same in another. We denominate this article arthriiic , because it is, as the Greeks would say, an arthron , a limb of the word to which it is prefixed, though it in no way defines the extent of its signification ; unless, perhaps, we consider that, by its denoting the word to be either a pronoun, a proper ñame, fcc., it thus, in a certain measure, restricts its application, and thus accords with the definition which some writers would give of the article, viz., 44 an index to the noun."

ñame ; e.g. they will say, kei hea e te Waru ? where is te ? and, again, kua tae mai e Nanaia — Nanaia arrived. as we shall show hereafter, is the sign of the vocative case. A is omitted before such words as the following, kei te kei nga Maori, &c. Note 3. — A issometimes in Waikato prefixed to appellatives; e.g. ki a tuahangata, a papa, a kara. (c) A is also prefixed to the ñames of , and to prepositions , and adverbs which have assumed the form of substantives, when in the nominativo case ; e.g. Kua horo a Pukerangiora, (the fort) has leen stormed. Kua tukua atu e ahau a Whangarei mo Hone, I given Whangarei to John. Kua kainga a runga o nga puka nei, the tops of the cabbages have heen eaten off. A hea ? what place ? A Rangitoto. Note. — Sometimes a is prefixed to the ñame of the place when the people of the place, and not the place itself, are intended ; e.g. ka mate i a Waikato, will be by Waikato. Some speakers are often guilty of solecisms from not remembering that a is not prefixed to any of the oblique cases of the ñames of places. Thus we heard some oíd residents in the land say, Haere ki a Pokuru — Go to Haere ki a Waitemata — Go to Waitemata. According to this form, Pokuru and Waitemata are not places, but persons. (d) A is always prefixed to any inanimate thing to which a ñame has been given— to trees, , ships, boats, meresf guns, &c. ; e.g. Kei te tua i a Ruhaia, he is cutting down ( tree) Ruhaia. E waihape ana a Karapaina, Columbine is tacking. Mo to tahaetanga i a Pahikoura, for your having stolen ( mere*) Pahikoura.

*The " mere " is a native weapon for war made of the axe stoae. It is an article of great valué, and descends from father to son as an oha, an heirloom in the tribe.

I toa ai a Hongi i whakawirinaki ia ki tana pu ki a Tanumia. Hongi ivas brave because he trusted in his gun Tanumia. Note 1. — Stars also come under the operation of this rule, e.g. Ko wai tena whetu i runga i a Tawera ? is that above Tawera ?* Kua ara a Matariki,f Matarilci has maãe his Houses, caves, and such like are regulated by rule (c) e.g. Heoi ano nga tangata Icei a Pera o Waikato, the people have mustered off to Puruowaikato — ereoivhere'j s house on the Waikato river. Kowai hei whakahua i ta tatou whangai hau ? I a wai ; i a Tu. Ko hea te baua mai na F ko Puhimatarenga, &c. 2. The following sentences are incorrect. E haere mai ana te Mihaia. Kua mate te Karaiti. N.B. — The speaker should distinguish between the article and the preposition a, as in the following sentence : — Ekore ahau e kai i ā nga taurekareka, I will not eat ( of the slaves. The preposition a in these ellipitical sentences should always be pronounced peculiarly strong. He should also note the following: — Kïa mea (with short a) is " to Ki ā mea (with long a) is to such an one, to our friend, or, in common parlance (give it), to what do you cali For Ko (seo Syntax, chap. xiv.)

* Tawera is the morning star. t This star makes his appearance about the month of June, in the firsb month of the New Zealancler, and creates an important epoch in his agricultural operations

CHAPTER III. OF THE NOUNS.

CLASSES OE NOUNS IN E.ESPECT TO ORIGIN. Nouns in Maori may be comprised under tliree classes — primitive, derivative, and ( a ) Nouns primitive are t lióse which desígnate animals, plants, numbers, members of tlie animal body, some of the great objects of th natural N.B. — It is often impossible to distinguish between primitive and derivative nouns. (b) Nouns derivative, which are altogether the most numerous, comprise — (1.) Nouns derived from verbs, the verb, in its simple form, used as a noun ; e.g. He noho noa iho takii, it is a simple of mine ; I have no fixed object in stopping (here). He haere pai to haere ? Is your going a good going , i.e., are you going with good (2.) Nouns derived from adjectives ; e.g. He aha te pai o tena mea ? ivhat is of that thing ? Keihea te paleara ? tvhere is the place? (3.) Nouns derived from adverbs and prepositions ; e.g.

* We are aware that verbal nouns should properly have been classed under derivative ; but as we shall often have to speak of them as a distinct class, and as, moreover, they closely resembîe in some respeets the participial form of the verb, and are very frequentlyused instead of the fìnite verb itself, we have consulted our conveniente in thus distinsfuishing them,

He hore rawa, it is nil. Engari a reirá e pai ana, (or that place) is better. Kua ki a roto , the inside Parua a tua , coat the other side (with raupo). (4.) Compound Words. — Tliese are always formed by two words placed in immediate j uxtaposition, without any elisión of either ; e.g. Hia kai ( desire food ), h ; mate moe ( sìeep ), sleepiness ; boa riri ), mahi atawhai (cherishing , 8fc.), , Sfc. ; kai wkakaako {one that teaches ), a teacher ; kai whakamarie ipne that pacifies), a pacifier ; tangata atua, a man having a tangata pakeka, a man having a European to Uve with him ; he bunga kianga, a people having a place to reside on ; abu taonga ( bent on gain ), avariciousness ; abu wbenua ( having the mind occupied ivith the earth), industriousness , or peaceableness ; wbenua rangatira (a noble land, not disturbed by invasions ) peace ; boubanga rongo, malcing peace ; ngakau whakakake, pride ; be wbare kore {a no ), homelessness ; be koroi kore (a no soap ), soaplessness ; wbakaaro kore, thoughtles (o) Verbal nouns are well wortby tbe attention of tbe critieal student. They are of yery extensive uses in Maori, and a proper introduction of them will give animation and elegance to tbe sentence. Tbe rules for tbeir formation will be found bereafter. See Vekbs. They are generally employed to denote , , object , means, or some accompaniment on, or relation of, tbe act or quality of tbe ground form. — Otber uses of thein will be mentioned in tbe Syntax.

To set forth tlie various uses of the verbal noun here would carry us beyond our limits. We sball, therefore, only give a few examples — sufïìcient, however, we trust, to lead the critical student into more extensivo inquiry : Ko tona moenga tena, that Te pumautanga o te whakaaro, the full of hope; te wñakangarungarunga o te wai, the troubling of the water . Te peheatenga i meatia ai, the in which it was done. Te patunga poaka, the place where the pigs are Tcilled. Kahore aku kete kumara hei whakahokinga atu mo to puka, I have no of huma/ra with which to send bach ( to pay for the loan of) your spade. I te hanganga o te ao, when the world was made. I ana inoinga, in his (i.e. when he prayed.) Ko tona kiteatanga tenei, this is the opportunity for loohing for, or seeing it. To tatou nuinga, the rest of our party. I taku oranga, while I Uve. Note. — Instances will sometimes occur in which the simple root, or the verbal form, may be indifferently used in the sentence. The critical student, however, will generally be able to see the reason ; e.g. te here o tona hu, the thong of his shoe te berenga o tona hu, the holes, $c. btj which the thong is fastened. Proper Ñames should perhaps have been classed under the head of derivative nouns. They are epithets arbitrarily assumed, as among the Hebrews, from some ci , , act, or thing. Sometimes they are simple ; e.g. ko te Tawa, Tawa (a tree). Sometimes compound; e.g. Tangikai, cry for food. They are generally known by a prefixed ; when a is not prefixed, by the context.

Note. — Sometimes we meet with English appellatives employed as appellatives in Maori, but with the form peculiar to proper ñames; e.g. — amata, mistress ; a pepi, the a te kawana, the governor. These, however, must be regarded as solecisms, and as in no way supported by Maori analogy.* We sometimes also meet with a Maori proper ñame employed as an appellative ; i.e. if an individual of a particular dîstrict has been remarkable for any quality, his ñame will often be predicated of any other in whoin the same feature of character is diseernible — thus, Ropeti, of Waikato, was remarkable for making a great show of hospitality ; henee, to any person else who has been detected acting in a similar way, it will be said, Ko ītopeti, tliere As all these terms are necessarily limited in their use to a particular district, we need not notice them further.

of gender, number, and case. Maori, as we may premise, aimits of no such thing as declension by inflection, by a variation of tbe ground form. All the relations it is.eapable of expressing are denoted by words, or partióles, fìxed or post- fixed to the noun. Gender of Notjns. — Distinctions of gender are but seldom recognised in Maori. Only two are ever noticed — viz., the masculine and feminme. These are always expressed by different words ; e.g.

* It is true that we ha ve mentioned (pages 14 and 15) a few cases which might seem to warrant such a use. But those clearly belong to a different class.

male. female. Matua \ or J father. Whaea, mother. Papa ; Tamaiti J Tamahinte or > son. or > daughter. Tam«roa ) Kotiro ) Tungane, brother of a female. Tuahine, sister of a man.

male. female. Autane, brother-in-law of a Auwahine, sister-in-law of the female. man. Tangata, man. Wahine, woman. Koroheke, old man. Ruruhi, old woman. Tourahi and Toa, male of Uwha, female of brutes. brute animals. Tane, a male , mostly of the Wahin human species.

In salutation, the sex of the person is almost always denoted by the address ; e.g.

Note 1. — It should, however, be noted that these modes of address will vary in different districts. Thus, in Waikato, E Tai and E ¿o are often addressed to the male, and E to the girl ; again, also, tañe and "will be often found applied to the brute ereation, and , in Waikato, is most frequently applied to the gelding. Note 2.— The speaker should notice that the relationship of individuáis of the same sex is designated by the same terms as the corresponding ones of the opposite sex ; e.g.

The distinction of sex in the other branches is generally designated by tañe and wahine post-fixed to the relation ; e.g. Hunaongo wahine, daught Hungawai tañe, father-in-law.

To the man. To the female. E hoa, friend ! 1 E kui ) E Pa> \ | to the married icoman. E mara, ( E tai ) E koro, E kara, ( E ko ) E Ta, 5 the girl. E Hika, ( E Hine j

John's elder brother is Tuakana. sister is Tuakana. younger brother teina. younger sister teina. brother-in-law taokete. sister-in-law taokete.

Number. — Substantives in Maorihave numbers, singular and plural. The singular is known by the singular articles te and tetahi , or by one of the singular prono uns connected with the noun ; e.g. Te whare o Hone, the house o f John. Toku paraikete, my Uank The plural is known by (1) nga, e tahi, or (2) one of the plural or dual pronouns preceding the noun ; e g. nga wahine, the w ornen. ãku tupuna, my forefathers. (3.) Sometimes the plural is designated by o, wjthout te or nga preceding the noun ; e.g. Kei o Hone motila pea, with (4.) In a few cases we rneet with an alteration in the ground form ; e g. Tamaiti, son ; Tamariki, sons , or children. (5.) In some trisyllables the fìrst syllable of the plural is pronounced long ; as in mātua, twpuna, wāhine, tūngata. Note. — Examples of tliese two latter heads are not of frequent occurrence. (6.) We frequently meet with ma joined to the proper narne, in a sense corresponding to hoi , and hoi peri in Grreek, to denote the and company ; e.g. Kei a Kukutai ma, with Kukutai and his party. (7.) Sometimes also ma is in the same sense postfixed to appellatives ; e.g E mara ma ! E hoa ma î E ko ma !

(8.) Sometimes an act oft , or many things of the same kìnd, are denoted by a reduplication of one or more syllables ; e.g. Kakata, a frequent laughing. Mamahi, over-work. Kimokimo, a winhìng of the eyes. Case. — The distinction of case in Maori is exceedingly simple. As it is not the character of the language to decline either nouns or adjectives by a variation of the termination, it is evident that, in this respect, Maori is altogether diflEerent from Greek and Latin. Are we, then, to adopt the cases that those languages so clearly need ? We are aware that some contend for them. But we are also assured that their adoption would be, not only useless, but often exceedingly perplexing. īt is true that prepositions may be found in Maori, as well as in English, that correspond with the cases that are to be found in those languages. But that, we submit, is not the question. Our business, we conceive, should be to inquire how the dependence of words on each other is denoted in Maori, and then look out for a system that will meet, not a few selected cases, but all the various possible conditions. Now, in Maori the difieren t connections and relations of one thing to another are denoted by prepositions ; there are upwards of twenty prepositions ; and these are capable of being much increased in number by combination with each other ; all having distinct meanings, different relations, and therefore distinct cases. Are all these, then, to be reduced to the six cases of Latin ? Those who please may make the experiment with the following ; — Kei runga i te pouaka ; kei te kainga ; ho atu ki a ia ; me titiro atu ki a ia ; patua ia ki te rakau ; hei tua i te whare, &c. The simple and comprehensive cases of Murray's English Grammar seem, therefore, the best adapted for Maori, though we will confess that our own judgment is against allowing any possessive case to Maori. In English, it is true, that case may be recognized ; because the ground form undergoes a change to denote it. Even in Hebrew, some thing analogous also might be admitted. But in Maori the possessive case is expressed, like all the other oblique cases, by a preposition. It may, indeed, be said that in the pronouns we ñnd a possessive formed by inflection. But this might justly be questioned : for it is very probable that noliu and naku are compounds of no oku and na aku, and, when a native speaks slowly, it may be observed that he pronounces those words as if so spelt.

1. What is called the accusative case in Latin is most frequently denoted by This partióle is difîerent from the preposition and is only employed to denote the passing on of the action of the verb to the noun ; e.g. Ko wai hei keri te mara? to dig thejield ? Vide Prepositions (i), chap. viii. 2. The vocative case is always denoted by e; . E Hone ! O John !

CHAPTER IV. OF THE ADJECTIVE.

Maori adjectives have no peculiar or appropriate form. They know no distinetion of gender, number, case, or comparison. In common with substantives, adjectives admit often of reduplication to denote or many things of the same Jcinã, &c. — vide chap. iii , § 8, page 22 — e g. Mflhí kakata — a frequent He rakau kikino kau — they are all had trees. Note.— Comparison in Maori is formed by for which vide Syntax.

CHAPTER V. OF THE NUMERALS.

Numeráis in Maori abound in distinctions that are not to be met witb in otber languages. Tabi, one, has sometimes a form peculiar to itself, being prefìxed by īco. All between and may be prefìxed by e. All the simple numbers — all less tban ten — will, wben preceding tbe bigher numbers, take tbeir ordinary prefixes ; e.g. E rúa, two — e rúa rau, Ka toru, three — ka toru nga rau, or it is 300. Kia wba, let it be four; kia wba mano, let be four thousand, &c. E rima, it is five — ka rima mano, five thousand, &c. Ka rima tekau, fifty, &c., &c. — i.e. I have reached fifty. Numbers between ten and twenty are expressed by ten and unit ; e.g. E ono — six ; tekau ma ono — (ten and six) E wbitu — seven ; tekau ma wbitu — seventeen. Twenty, and all numbers between twenty and a bundred, may be expressed in two ways : — Ist (wbicb is now tbe more general), by a unit preceding ten; e.g. e ono tekau, (six tens), ka iwa tekau, ninety , &c. 2ndly, by hoho prefìxed to tbe e.g. bokorua, twenty.

"Note. — The Maori mode of counting has always, heretofore, been by pairs ; thus, hokorua, twenty, stands for twenty pair, i.e. forty, and so on. When they wish it to be understood singly, they post-fix taki-taki to the numeral adjective ; e.g. hokorua taki-taki, twenty. Sometimes or pu is postfixed to make it more clear that the double of the number is intended ; e.g. e waru topu (eight ãoubled), s Ngahuru, with Ngapuhi, denotes ten , and tekau, eleven. In the central part of the island, as far as Taupo, ngahuru and tekau represent, both of them, ten. In expressing a sum of tens and units, the smaller numlber follows ten or its múltiple, and is connected with it by the numeral conjunction ; e.g. is denoted by " e toru tekau ma wha." In expressing a sum of hundreds , with tens and units , the tens are postfixed to the hundreds without a intervening; e.g. 136 is expressed by "ko tahi rau, e toru tekau, ma ono." sum of thousands, hundreds , and is expressed in the same way, the partióle ma only intervening between the ten and the e.g. 1136 is expressed by "ko tahi mano, ko tahi rau, e toru tekau, ma ono." Note. — It should be here noticed that this is the new mode of reckoning brought in by Europeans, and now fast spreading over the land. The oíd mode is not so convenient in calculation, but it is often heard ; 240 would, according to it, be thus expressed, Ko tahi rau ma rúa, literally anã two. Two here stands for (twice ten) twenty doubled. 250 would run thus : — Ko tahi rau ma rúa pu tautahi, hunãred and two double, and a tautahi, an odd one. 4,900 would run thus : — E rúa mano mo wha, hokorima te turna, two thousand , four liundred double ; f'fty double is the turna, the excess. For all beyond a thousand there is, we suspect, a considerable diversity in the nomenclature of difîerent tribes. In Waikato and Taupo 10,000 double (i.e. 20,000 according to our reckoning) would be a tini ; ten tini (i.e. 100,000 double) would be indifferently called ngera, rea, All beyond that would be denominated by a tini makehua, a whaioio (or maioio), tini whakarere, &c.

For denoting a number of persons less than ten, toìco is generally prefìxed to the numeral ; Tokowhitu tatou, we are number. For denoting distribution, tātaki is prefìxed to the numeral : kia tātali rúa pu nga utu i te tangata, let each man have four payments. Note. — Tataki prefìxed does not always denote distribution ; e.g. Ka tataki-hia nga whakato o ta koutou mara līow many baskets ( are these) that have been sown in In measuring length a fraction is denoted by huka ; e.g. E ono whatianga, huka to te whitu, It is six whatíangas* long , not quite seven. E waru maro,^ huka to te iwa, It is eigìit , not quite nine. Ordinals. — The ordinal numbers are formed : — 1. By tua prefìxed to the cardinal; e.g. tua toru, third ; tua iwa, ninth. 2. By whaka prefìxed ; e.g. whakatekau, tenth. 3. By the simple cardinal with the defìnite article : ko te wha tenei o aku haerenga mai, this of my comings here ; i.e. this is the fourth time I have come here.

* Whatianga corresponds to the ancient cubit ; maro is what a man can measure with his extended arms.

CHAPTER VI. OF THE PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns of Maori are as follows : —

PLURAL. í Tatou, you all and myself. \ Matón, they and myself. Koutou, ye. Ratou, they. The fìrst person dual and plural has, as may he seen in the above table, two forms, taua and tatou , maua and matou; the former class may be denominated inclusive , the latter exclusive. For example : The speaker of a company, who is addressing a person just come in, uses matou : e tatari ana matou ki a koe, we are , or have leen, ivaiting for you. If he means that only himself and another have been waiting, he uses maua : e tatari ana maua kia a koe ; but when he addresses the whole company, he uses tatou : Tatou ki te kai, let us go to dinner. If, however, he is addressing only another besides himself, he uses taua ; Taua ki te kai, let us {two) go to dinner. Again, if he says, No matou tenei kainga, he tells you, the hearer, that he and others possess this farm. If he says, No maua tenei kainga, he tells you that

SINGULAR. DUAL. . T -r ( Taua, you and I. Ahau, orau , j Maua , he and I. Koe, thou. Korua, you two. la, he. Raua, they two.

he and some other person already mentioned possess it. If, however, he uses tatow, No tatou tenei kainga, he means that all that he is addressing have a share in it. If he says, No taua tenei kainga, he tells yon, the hearer, that it belongs to you and himself. Note. — The student will find hereafter that the dual number is sometimes used for the plural. In addressing an individual, is sometimes used in the second person by Ngapuhi ; e.g. E ia. It is used in a very strange combination also with wa by some tribes ; e.g. Ko wai ia P ioJio said so ? The Personal Pronouns admit, in the singular, of declensìon ; e.g . singular. Nom. Ahau, or Au, I. Poss. Naku, or Noku, mine. Obj. Ahau, or Au (preceded by some preposition), e.g. Ki a au, or, ki ahau, to PJ a hau, or, e a au, by me. Maku or Moku, for me. singular. Nom. Koe, thou. -Poss. Ñau, or Nou, Ihine. Obj. Koe (preceded by some preposition) ; e.g. kei a koe, with thee. Mau, and Mou, for you. singular. Nom. Ia, he. Poss. Nona, or Nana, his or hers. Obj. Ia (preceded by some preposition) e.g. I a ia, from him, or from her. Mona and Mana, for , or for her. Pronouns, in common with nouns, have no gender. There is no word in Maori to denote the pronoun it.

Its place is generally supplied by some artífice of tbe eonstruction, as will be sbown in tbe Syntax. OF THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. As tbe possessive pronouns are closely connected witb tbe personal , tbey may be mentioned next. Tbey are as follows : —

Tbe otber possessive pronouns are formed from tbe dual and plural of tbeir respective pronouns by prefixing o ; e.g.

Sucb words as himself, his , my , &c. are expressed in Maori by some adverb added in tbe sentence ; e.g. Nona ale e ano tona aroba ki a tatou, his loveto us was his own ; i.e. was self-derived. Tbe adverbs most usually employed for tbis purpose are alte , ano, noa, iho, tonu. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. For tbese tbere is no distinct form in Maori. Sometimos tbey are wbolly omitted in tbe sentence ; e.g. Ko te tangata tenei i patua e Hone, is the man that was beaten by John. At otber times tbeir place is supplied by some artífice of tbe eonstruction. (See Syntax, cbap. xvii., §5.)

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Toku, or taku, or taku, my Oku, aku, or aku, my Tou, to, or tau, thy Ou, o, au, thy Tona, tana, or tana, his Ona, ana, ana, his

o j ^aua' \ of us two o [ ) \ maua, ) J ( matou, ) o korua, of you two o koutou, your o raua, of them two o ratou, their

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The demonstrative pronouns are as folio ws : — Taita, tenei , tena , tera , and their respective plurals, enei, ena, era. Tenei is applied to the object nearest at hand, or to the point of discourse to which the speaker had last alluded ; tena to an object near to or connected with you, the person spoken to ; tera to an object íarther remote ; e.g . No Hone tenei ware, this is Jolinas house. No Penehamine tena, that one near you. No Kukutai tera, that one off is KukutaTs. The same distinction is to be observed in the plural number. It may be questioned whether tenei and its branches are not, like to {vicie article e, 2, page 11), compounded of two words — viz., te and nei, &o. Tbey can always, at least, be resolved into them ; e.g. Ho mai tena mea, give me that , is the same as Ho mai te mea na. There is, however, a little difEerence in the uses of these two forms, which the attentive student will disco ver by observation. Nei , na, and ra are mostly added (like the ci and la of Ereneh) to point at the object more forcibly. When the speaker wishes to denote the object with familiarity, contem.pt, &c., he generally uses the resolved form; e.g. Ka hinga aban i te wakatakariri ki te tangata nei, I fall with anger at the fellow here. Sometimes we meet with nei and its branches twice repeated ; e.g. tenei na, tera ra. Nei, &c. are often used in asking questions ; e.g. Nei na ? Is this it ? Ra ra ? Is that it ? Note. — The speaker should be careful in speaking not to confound this demi-pronoun with the interrogative partióle Ne. Sometimes we meet with used as a demonstrative, e.g. Tona wenua kai ha ia, that is the very land of food. Note. — Anei and ara are often used by Ngapuhi for and era.

THE ÍNTEEROGATIVE PKONOUNS. The interrogative pronouns are , alia, (and its plural ehea), Icohea, and sometimes (particularly in Waikato) pehea. Wai is applied (1) to persons, and (2) to animals or things, as canoes, ships , &c., to which the ñame of a man has been given, and is always the pronoun used in asking the question, What is his ñame ? It is sometimes applied to countries, &c. ; but, in such cases Icohea is the pronoun most frequently used, The following are examples of the uses of wai and Icohea : — Ko wai tena ? Who is that ? Na wai tenei ? Whose is Ko wai tena kuri? Who is that i.e. what is his ñame ? Ko wai tena poti ? ko, Wikitoria, boat is that? — Ans., Victoria. Ko wai tona ingoa ? What is his ñame ? Ko wai tena whenua ? What country is that 0¿ Kohea tenei ? What place is this ? Note. — Wai will sometimes take the plural form by having ma postfixed ; e.g. Ko wai ma ena ? Who are they ? Aha is applied to everything in which kind is denoted ; so also is pehea , sometimes. EXAMPLES. He aha tena mea ? what ( or is that ? Ko Hone aha '? which John was it ? — [was it John the Baptist , or John the Apostle ?) He aha a Erihapeti ki a Hone? what ( is Elizabeth to John ? Na te aha ? from what cause ? (lohy ?) Pehea ana to whakaaro ? what is your thought ? i.e ., what do you think ?

E taea te pehea ? what be done ? can he helped. He kai pehea tena kai ? what Icind of food that ? Note. — The aboye sentence decides the right of pehea to be considered a pronoun. Most of the compounds, however, of hea — such as kohea, pehea, nohea, ihea, mohea, &c. — ouglit most probably to be considered as belonging to the class of adverbs. The student will fìnd, as we proceed, that the lines of distinction between the various classes of pronoun, adverb, preposition, noun, verb, and adjective are frequently but faintly marked, and that the same word may be often noticed as standing in four or fìve diíïerent, ranks. Tehea, and its plural ehea, is applied to which of a number, and is used to denote or things ; e.g. Ko tehea tan e pai ai ? which do you choose Ko ehea tangata au e ki nei? which do you speak of? THE DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS. Each and every one are expressed by the demonstrative or possessive pronoun, and the noun twice or thrice repeated ; e.g. Haria mai e tera tangata, e tera tangata, tana kono riwai, bring each man his of potatoes. la tangata ia tangata, each man. I tenei ra i tenei ra, each day. E warea ana ki tana niahi ki tana mahi, eaoh is engaged with his own particular business. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Some other and any are most frequently denoted by te tahi, and its plural e tahi. Kua kite ahau i e tahi, I saw some them). Ko e tahi kihai i kitea e ahau, some I did not see. Kahore kau ahau i kite i te , I did not see any at all.

Whatever , whatsoever , &c. are expressed in yarious ways, as may be seen in the following examples : — Ko nga mea hatoa. e mea ai} ^ _ koutou; or, Col. iii. 17. Ko noa , &c. &c. / Ko koutou e inoi ai i toku ingoa, wliatever ye ask in My ñame. Kia ho atu ki a ia tana mea e inoi ai ia, to give her whatsoever she would ask. — Matt. xiv. 7. Ka kai koutou, ka inu, ka aha ranei, whether ye eat or drink, or whatever ye — 1 Cor. x 31.

CHAPTER VII. OF THE VERBS.

§ 1. Classificaïion. — Tbey may be distributed into— O) Prìmitive, i.e. underived from otber words; e.g. Nobo, to sit. Holui, to catch. (b) Derivativo, i.e . sucb as are derived from words of some otber root ; e.g. E Tcakahu ana i tona, is putting on his garment. I ahatia koe ? What ivas done to you ? Penatia, do it in that manner. E han, if it blow. Narungatia mai, push it in from above. E pai ana, it is good. Tbis class is by far tbe most numerous. Under it also may be comprised — (1.) Verbs formed by reduplication ; e.g. Korerorero, to hold conversation with, &c.

* There are many things connected with this subject that will,no doubt, often appear strange to the European reader ; and he will frequently have to be careful lest he he misled by theories derived from occidental grammars. In those languages the verb is a leading word in the sentence, and by it exclusively is the office of affirmation or predication performed. In Maori, on thecontrary, a puré genuine verb isby no means of frequent occurrence. Almost any word denoting a thing or qpiality is capable of sustaining that office, and predication is as frequently implied as expressed. In considering, therefore, the Maori verbs, we shall have to examine not only those words which have been invested with the properties belonging to that class, but also those forms in which no mark of predication is expressed. The term predication we have adopted, for want of a better, to denote those functions which are peculiar to the verb, and which are sometimes described by grammarians under the terms 4 'affirmation" and "assertion,"

(2.) Compound verbs, i.e ., verbs formed from two or more words joined togetber ; Ma-te-matapihitia mai, give the window. Wbaka-ngoi-koretia, made Note. —As the same word is very frequently used in Maori as verb, substantive, adjective, and adverb, it is often impossible, to determine under which of tbe above classes it should be ranked ; neitber, indeed, will it be necessary, as tbe origin of the verb in no way afíects its grammatieal relations. § 2. Number, Person, and Gender. — Maori verbs are not declined by inflection — by variation of tbe ground form ; and tberefore know notbing of number, person, and gender. § 3. Mood and Tense. — As neither tbe ground form ñor tbe auxiliary partióles experience any variation from cbange of mood, we cannot recognize any grammatieal form for denoting moods in Maori, and äball not tberefore enter any fartber into tbe subject at present. Note. — The only variations we bave been able to discover are — lst. Those for denoting tbe imperative mood. 2nd. Tbe prefixing of tbe partióle wbaka to tbe verb, and thus causing a Hipbil or causative eonjugation. § 4. Tense. — Maori abounds in a variety of forms for denoting modifications of time. Tbey are designated by verbal partióles, adverbs, prepositions, and tbe articles he and te placed in connection witb tbe verb. Tbe forcé of tbese, again, is, in a large majority of cases, determined by tbe context ; and we believe ourselves to be correct in saying fcbat tbere are, in tbis language, but few absolute forms for determining tense ; for example : E moe ana , he is sleeping. I reirá e moe ana¡ there ivas he sīeepingì or there he sīept.

I riri au, I ivas angry. Mo te alia koe i riri mai ai ki a au ? are yon angry with me ? Ka haere ahau, I will go. Na ha wbakatika a Hone, then John rose. See also Prepositions (mo). Note. — The verbal partióles are words which have no meaning in themselves, but which, prefixed to a word, endue it with the qualities of a verb. They correspond to the auxilliary verbs of English, but do not admit of the same varieties of application, neither can they lay claim to the rank of verb substantive. Thus, in Maori, we have no clirect form for such phrases as the following, I am, you will , &c. § 5. They are as folio ws : — ana, ha, hia, hei , me, haua, aua, hei. Their uses will be best ascertained by examining the paradigm at the end of this section. A more full eonsideration of them and of the other modes of construction which are therein contained, will be deferred to the Syntax. 8 6. It may be naturally expected that, in an unpolished language like Maori, there should not be much that is artificial or complicated in the arrangement of the tenses. They are in form either simple or compound. § 7. A simple sentence* is that which consists of only one time ; e.g.

*Wehave adopted the term "sentence" in preference to "proposition," lest the student should be led into perplexity by conceiving that we used the terms simple and compound in the same senses as those in which they are used by logicians. Krom our examples he will see that we should cali a sentence simple even though the subject and predícate be complex terms. By noticing whether, when the sentence is translated, one or two verbs are introduced, and whether either of them is dependent in time on the other, the student will easily make the distinction that we are desirous of establishing. The importance of this distinction will be seen in our examples of a compound sentence (page 37). For, in the first, e-ana , which is present in a simple sentence, is now past ; in the second, kua is future, though it strictly belongs to the past tense ; in the fourth example, this same^particle stands for the pluperfect potential.

E pai, ana, it is good. Kahore ahau i kite, I d not (it). Ko tatou katoa, ano he hipi, marara ke ; att, as sheep , have gone astray. Kua mate to tatou Kai whakaora i runga i te te ripeka, our Saviour died the cross. A compound sentence is tliat in which two times are introduced ; e.g. 1 . Me i reirá ahau e pai ana, I had been it would have been weīl. 2. Akuanei, tae rawa atu, kua mate ; it come to pass, that , when I have got he will be dead. 3. Kua mate ahau, e ora ana nga rakau nei, I shall die before these sticīcs decay. 4. Me i whakararatatia i mua, hua rarata tenei ; if it had been tamed before. it would have been tame now. Of this, however, more hereafter. It will often be very necessary to notice the circumstances connected with the uttering of a sentence — whether it be emphatic ; whether it be the answer to a question ; whether a large measure of certainty is designed to be implied, &c. &c. § 8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds in more minute distinctions than any other part of the verb. We present them all here, chiefly because the sentences in which they occur are, for the most part, simple. 1. The most common forra for expressing the imperative of an active verb is by its passive ; e.g.

ACTIVE EOR.M. IMPERATIVE. Patu, to strike. Patua, strike ( it ). Tua, to fell. Tuaina, fell ( it).

2. (a) If the yerb be neuter, the simple ground form is used ; e.g. Haere, go. Hororo, malee liaste. Tena, le prompt, le quiclc. KLati, le quiet. Whetero, put out your to (I) Occasionally, however, we fìnd tbe passive form used, wben the meaning of the verb is neuter ; e.g. Hapainga, let us start. Takiritia, idem. Kokiritia, dash forward (in pursuit, &c.) Hoea tatou, let us paddle. Sometimes both active and neuter verbs will take the verbal preñxes e, leía , me, , aua, kei, before them to denote the imperative. (c) JE is used sometimes to denote the imperative of active and neuter verbs. It is chiefly used with the second person singular, dual, and plural. It is never found in the fìrst person singular, but is occasionally used in the fìrst person dual and plural. "We know of no instance in which it is employed in the third person, and we believe the following sentence to be incorrect : — E aroha mai te Atua ki a tatou, may God love us. (d) Kia is capable of being used in all the persons of the imperative. It is the particle most frequently used with the fìrst person. In the second, it is chiefly used with verbalized adjectives (page 43) ; e.g. kia

* In speaking of actions done by members of the body, Maori never supposes the individual, but rather the member, to perform the act. Thus, such expressions as "lift up your head," "open your mouth," "stretchout your leg," would not be rendered, as we have heard some speakers express it, by 4 4 huaia ake to matenga," " hamamatia to waha," &c., but rather "kia ara ake to matenga," "hamama tou waha,' "wharoro tou waewae." We have, indeed, occasionally heard a native say, wheterongia (whaterongia, Ngapuhi) tou arero, titahangia ; but these phrases are rare.

oti ; though occasionally it is prefìxed to the verb. In the tbird person, it is used before either adjective or verb. The dehortative and eautionary partióles Tcei, belong strictly to the imperative. (e) Under this head we shonld perhaps also mention the partióle me. It will be observed that it does not take the passive after it ; e.g Me patu te te poaka. Me hangä te taiepa. (/) The only partióles the imperative of passive verbs will admit before it are Tcaua, aua, and Tcei. Following is a table of sentences illustrative of the above remarks. Other íorms are given by which the imperative is sometimes denoted : — lst Form. — Whakaakona ahau, me. 2nd. — Whakatika, arise. Noho atu, remain aioay . Hoki mai, come baclc. Noho puku, sit quiet. Tupeke, jtimp, Pepeke, draw up your legs. 3rd. — E ara, arise. E noho, sit down. Haere koe, e hoki, go, return. E kai, eat. E ngaki taua, let us two ãig (it). 4th. — Tena koa, kia wakamatau ahau, give it Tiere, let me try it. Kia kaha, le strong. Kia hohoro, malee liaste. Kia ara (te pou), let ( the le Ko tena, kia nekehia atu, as for that, let it le moved away (ly them ) . Kia maia tatou, let us le courageous, &c.

5th. — E ! kaua ahau e haere ki reirá. ! not go there. Ana e tukua, do not let it go. Kei ngaro, take care lest it be lost. Kei whakarongo atn tatou, let us not listen, &e. 6th. — Ka oti tena, me ngaki a konei e koe, tohen is jìnished, this place must be dug by you. 7th. — Makn etaki, (give) me sotne. 8th. — Hei konei kontou noko ai, do you stop 9th. — Kati te tahae i aku merene, melons ; i.e. do not , &c. lOth. — E tae koe, ka tono mai i a Hone, ivlien you arrive there , send John here. llth. — Tatou ki te to, we to drag ; i.e. let us go lo drag (the canoe). 12th. — Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, fbefore you send the pigs ) let the messenger be sent here. TENSES. PRESENT SINGULAR. 1 . E patu ana ahau, I a , or 2. E patu ana koe, you are striking, &c. 3. E patu ana ia, he is striking, &c. DUAL AND PLURAL. 1. E patu ana maua, or matou. 2. E patu ana korua, or koutou. 3. E patu ana raua, or ratou. OTHER EORMS EOR THE PRESENT. 1. Kahore ahau e pai, I am not 2. Ko au tenei, here 1 am (lit., this is I). 3. He tangata kino koe, you (are) bad man. 4. Ko toku matua ko Kukutai, my father.

5. Ka pai, it is good. 6. E haere mai, she is coming 7. E pai ranei koe ? are you ? 8. E ke nei (or na) koe, you affirm. 9. Kei te patu, he is killing (lit.,at the killing). 10. Noku tenei wahi, tìiis place is mine (lit., mine this place). PAST TENSE. 1 . I reirá alian i te ata nei, I 2. Ko Rawiri te matua o Horomona, David the father of Solomon. 3. He tangata moliio a Horomona,, Solomon (ivas) a ivise man. 4. I haere ano akau, I tvent. 5. Ñau i wîiakaatu, you disclosed. 6. Ka liaere a Iliu, Jesús ivent. 7. E ngari a Hone ka kite, John rather saiv it (not /). 8. Haere ana a Iliu, Jesús ivent. 9. He na tena, tìiat was ra , it rained (used chiefly in animated deseription). 10. He tini aku korerotanga ki a ia, many (have leen) my conversations ivith him. 1 1 . Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, the messenger liad leen sent (lefore the other ivas done). 12. Kiliai i pai mai, he was 13. Ka te tuku tena walii (Ngapuhi), place has leen given to, &c. 14. Kua patna te poaka? has leen 15. Kua oti noa ake taku mahi, my ivorh has leen finished this some time. 16 He mea hangä naku te purutanga, the ivas made ly myself [lit., tire handle (was) a thing made of mine (actively)]. FUTUKE. 1. Ka haere ahau, T will go. 2. E riri mai koe ? will you le angry ?

3. Maku e patu, I will kill flit.. tlie killing (it is to be) for me]. 4. Ko koe tē haere ? are you that is to 90? 5. Tera e mate, he will die (lit., that will die). 6. E kore e tukua, it will not be let go. 7. E tae koe ki Waitemata, when you go to Waitemata. 8. Akuanei ko ia kua tae, the chances are that he will get there Jirst (lit., presently it is he that has arrived). 9. Kowai hei tiki ? who is to fetch it ? ineinitive mood. Haere ki te whin, go to drive (it), (lit., go to the driving). Pai kia haere, wiīling to go. E kor e eahei te tohe, 1 cannot press you (lit., the pressing cannot be effected). § 6. Yoice. — Maori verbs, in respect of voice, may be eonsidered under the three well-known heads of active , passive, and neuter. § 7. The active is the simple root modified by one or more of the words already mentioned ; e.g. e patu ana ahan, I am striking. § 8. The passive is the root varied in its termination ; e.g. e patua ana ahau, I am. Note. — Verbs derived from the simple adjective will generally rank under the head of neuter. Under this class also do we reduce a species of verbs in the arrangement of which we have felt some difficulty — viz., such words as pakaru, broken ; marere, conceded, &c., i.e., words which are neuter in form, but passive in meaning ; which correspond in meaning to the past participle passive of the European languages, but are not traceable to any root. After much considera tion we are inclined to think that they may most satis - factorily be regarded as adjectives, and classified accordingly.

Thus, in the f ollowing sentence, ' ' Kua pakaru to waka i te ngaru," the canoe has leen hr oleen the we should regard pakaru as an adjective, or rather a aãjective, just as much as we should kino in the f ollowing : " Kua hiño te waka i te paru," the canoe is ba or uncomfortable, tlirough the filth. To any who wish to regard such a class as passive participles, we would reply that the preposition i (not e) following them clearly determines them as belonging to the neuter family ; and that, though their meaning may not coincide with our definition of a neuter verh, yet we feel no difíìculty on that head : for we only act in common with other grammarians, who have laid it down as a useful rule, nomen fìt." For a table of such words, see farther on. In the passive we meet with variation in the termination of the ground form. § 9. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. A, to drive away, &c. A ta. Ka (v. n.) to burn (as a firè) límgia. Maka, to throw away Makā. Wakama, to malee clean Wakama^M. Hura, to expose (by taking Hura hia, or Huraw^w. off the cover) Whakateka, to denounce as Wakatekaíw« Whafalse katekaia. Aroha, to love Aroha ina, or Arokaf ¿«. Tua, to feīl (as a tree) Tua or Tua hiña. Raranga, to lenit (a native Ranga/¿w. baslcet, &c.) ÍMea¿M. Meinga. Meingatia (Ngapuhi). He (verb. adj.) unaequainted īLenyia. with, &c. Kukume, to pulí Kurne^. Rere (v. n.) sail, as a boat, i Re««. and to flow as water \ Rer Whakatete, to mük Wakatet Paihere, to bind in bundles Paihere^M.

Ope, to gather, &c. (in Oipehia. fuls) Whakapae, lesiege, or 'Whakapae^. accuse falseïy ÍWliakaaew$m or Whakaae^k. Hi, to fish with a hook Hi -pv • • . / x , ( Ringi¿¿«. Birrngi (y. a.), to sptll ( EingÄ Whaki, to confess Whakiw«. Aralii, to guide Arahi Wliawkaki, to gather (as WliakiM. grapes , &c.) Kikini, to pinch KinÄ, Whangai, to feed | Whanf ai^tf, Pupuki, to Jlre (a gun), or Puhi$. to hlow with the mouth Pai (adj.), good Ho-mai ) , Ho-rnai. Ho-atu jtogive ( Ho-atu. Waiho, leave Waiko. TT , | KO»«. to d%V ( Kongia. Mono, to calk Monoa;. Horo, (part. adj.), turnbīe down , as a land-slip Horo, to swaīlow Horo ttti . , , (Wakato/ak. Wnakato, to soto or phnt | Wakato ngia. Takoto (y. n.), to lie Takoton^. Aro, to regard with favour Avongia. Manako (same as aro) ManakoÄtu. Toko, to propel hy poles Toko Pongo, to liear Rango •r-r-r-, , , , f Wh.a,owhina. Whawhao, to atow j Whaoa.

Utuutu, to d/raw water Utu Util, to pay UtiM. Kuku (y. n.), to dive RukuÅí». Tu (y. n.), to stand Tu Whakau, to kindle Whakau Hohou, to bind fencing , &c. Houh?tì!. Whawhau (Waikato), ídem WhauwA¿«. Maumau (part. a.), wasted Maumauna. Tatau, to Jìght against Taun« Tatau, to count Tāu«. Hahau, to seek Hahaur^. Whakahou, to mahe new Whakahou^tf. Mate-nui, mucli coveted Mate-nui^Ä. Tangata-whenua, a denizen Tangata-whenua^M, to be {a) It will be seen that the above arrangement is made aceording to tbe final letter of the ground form, and that each división contains some examples of re-duplicated words, and of words ending in diphthongs. (b) That, in words ending in a, the passive is mostly made by adding to the last syllable ngia, kia , Ida, ina , atia, kina. (c) That some verbs receive no additions to the last syllable, as rnaka. On the Eastern Ooast ia takes the place of simple a in the passive; e.g. maka, makaia. The speaker should be always careful, in pronouncing the passive a, to throw the emphasis strongly on the last syllable. The f olio wing words are of this description: — Panga, to throw away ; pana, to shove away, &c. ; kanga, to curse ; wakamana, to ratify, &c. ; taunaha, to bespealc ; unga, to send ; waha, to carry on the back. (d) That some verbs have sometimes two or more terrninations for the passive ; as arohatia, arohaina,

arohangia. We may here remark that some words have difíerent passives in different districts ; e.g. Whangainga (Ngapulii), Whangaia (Waikato). (e) That in words, one or more of the syllables of which are repeated, the re-duplication will frequently be dropped in the passive ; Kikina, kinitia ; tapatapahi, tapahia, &c. Note. — It must, however, be noticed that there are many exceptions to this rule, and that the omitting or retaining the re-duplication is often left to the option of the speaker. In those instances, however, in which he wishes to denote with peculiar emphasis the äistribution , repetitîon , &c., implied by the re-duplication, he always, as far as he can, retains it ; e.y. Titititia, strike every one of the nctils . Patupatua, strike with many blows , &c. (/) In a few instances we meet with a passive formed by a change of the fìrst syllable ; e.g. Hongo, to hear ; rangona (passive) ; wakarongo, wakarangona ( passive ) . Examples of this rule are very few. (g) Of the passives of compound verbs, two examples are given at the end of the table. The rule for their formation is the same as that for the passives of simple verbs : the final letters, in both cases, being the only thing on which they depend. Occasionally, however, we meet with a word resolved into two parts, and each part put into the passive voice ; e.g. Kaihau (v. act.), to sell the property of an individual without giving him any part of the payment ; Kaiwya-hau¿m (passive). There is another form, similar to the preceding, which requires to be mentioned here, viz., when two verbs follow each other in immediate succession, one

of which acts as a kind of adverb or qualiíying word to the otlier, they will both sympatbize with each other in voice — will eitber be both active or both passive ; e.g. Toia haeretia, d/ragged along ; literally, dragged gone. Tukua whakareretia, let ãown dash. Kai moe, eat sleeping , i.e., while he is eating he is sleeping. In such phrases the latter of the two verbs will generally take tia for its passive form. (Ã) Occassionally a passive word may be met with which has no active — as pa e te moe, oppressed hy sleep ; rokohina and rohoh , and hoatu. ( i ) Passive verbs are nsed in a more extended sense in Maori than what is commonly met with in other languages, not excepting, perhaps, even the three passives of Hebrew. The following are a few illustrations of the various uses : — Haere, to go, v. n. ; te huarahi i e , the road ì>y which he travelled. Neke, move away ( yourself ) v. n. ; nekehia atu, imp., move ( the thing) away ; kua nekehia, was moved away. Titore, difisus ; Titorehia, imp.; , adj. Oioi contremo , or ñuto , v. n.; oioia, imp.; agita, v. a. Eiri, angry ; riria, angered {e.g. ka riria ahau e ia) . Pai, good ; kia pai, let it ( thing) be good. Waka^íw'a, imp., put it {the place, &c.) to Wakajswhgia, to be accepted or approved of. Korero, to speak ; korerotia, made the subject of conversation. Whakaaro, v. n., to think; whakaarohia, imp., think {of the thing) ; whakaarohia iho, think {of yourself &c.)

Kan, swim, v. n.; ka kauria (te awa), is ( the stream ) ; ka wakakauria (te hoiho), {the horse) is made to swim over. Kakahu, a garment ; kakahurìa (tou), on your {garment) ; wakakahuria (te tamaiti), on the childis clothes. Whangai, tofeed; whaogaia ma te ngohi as foodfor the fishes. Tae, to arrive at ( a place ); ka taea Waitoke, W~aitoJce has been arrived at. Taea noatia tenei ra, until it is arrived {at, i.e. up to) this day. Huri, to turn {a grindstone, &c.) ; kia kuriliia taku toki, that my axe may be — i.e. ground. Whawhao, to stow or pvt into a &c. Kna whaowhiiia te kete ki te tupeka, the baslcet was stowed ( with ) tobáceo — i.e. had tobáceo put into it. Manene, to beg ; kei manenetia koe ki te tupeka, lest you should be begged for tobáceo— i.e. lest tobáceo should be begged from you. Horikoii, to teīl falsehoods ; ko te mea i liorilioria e koe he tangata, the you erroneously said was a man ; ko te mea i whakahorihoria e koe, the thing you denounced as false. For further remarks on this part of the Maori verb, vide chap. xix. (k) Note. — The student will sometimes find that the simple root is used with a similar variation of meaning ; e.g. Waha, to carry on the back ; e wabä, get on my baclc. He paipa hei pura mo taku tupeka, a pipe to pīug my tobáceo : into whieh to plug my tobáceo. Te waka e to na, the canoe that lies ãragged up there. Te rakau e pou na, the stalce that there. Kei tehea whare nga tangata ? Kei te whare e ngiha mai na, ln which house are the people ? the house that burns ; i.e. in the house in which the lights burn. Kei te tao te kai, fooã is being cookeã ( in the oven).

Sentences, however, like the last of these are mostly employed wlien emphasis and brevity are desired more tiran accuracy. § 12. The verbal nouns also (for which chap. 3, § c.) esperience considerable variations in meaning. They are in most cases forined from the passive voice of the root ; and as the rules for their formation may be easily learnt by comparing a few with their respective ground forros, it may perhaps be sufficient to give the nouns derived from the verbs of the last mentioned table : —

PASSIVE VOICE. VERBAL NOUNS. Ata, Anga. K&ngia, Makā Wakama^M-, W akama kanga. Hura hia. Hura Wakateka«W(T, Wakatekawy». Arohafok, Tua hiña, Tua Mea^k, Mea Hengia , H Ganga, or Kume$, Kum Rer engia, Renga. Paiìierefok, Rsàìiexetanga. Hi«, Hi RingiÄ/«, Ringi hanga. Wkakiwtf, Whakmya. Kini tía, Kini tanga. WhangaM, Whangai Horaai. Homai tanga. Waiho, Waiho tanga. Ko ia, ~Koanga. Horo, TLoxonga. Horo mia, Horo Raxigona, "Rongonga. Whao whina, Whao

Utu hia, U tul tanga. Kuku hiaì Hou hia, Tau ría, Tauia, Tauanga. Hou tia, Sometimes where it is desirable to make a distinction, 011 account of the greatness of the diffcrence between the two brancbes of the same root, a difïerent form will be adopted for each meaning ; e.g. Whanaunga, is a relation : whanautanga, a : Kitearxga is the opportunity in which a thing may be seen ; kitenga generally denotes tlie act of seeing. Again, wãhanga is a carrying on the back, wah a § 13. Neuter verhs. — On these but few remarks are required. For the distinction between the preposition i, by which they are followed, and the partióle , which folio ws active verbs, vide i (prepositions, § 10, note, page 57). That they sometimes take the passive form may be seen in the illustrations of the passive voice. In some cases, also, their passives change their nature, and become similar in meaning to the passives of active verbs, e.g . Nohoia tou kainga, dweīl , or occupy, your farm. Ka hengia mai ahau e ia, I le fliterally) ignored ly him. § 14. As the verbalized adjectives may be most conveniently classed under this head, we shall insert here a table of the principal of them : — Ea, paid for. He, unacquainted with. Hoha, wearied at. Horo, stormed (as a fort, &c.) Mahora, given (as a feast). Makini, gapped.

Mana, ratified, Sfc. Mao, ceased (as rain). Maoa, coohed (as food). Marere, fallen to the ground, Maringi, spilt. Maru, bruised, beaten, Sfc. Matan (sometimes with Ngapuhi) ; e.g. E kore e matan i a au, understood. Mate, dead. Mau, caught. Mawheto, loosed (as a knot). Mimiti, dried up. Moti, destroyed , Sfc. (corresponding to the phrase clean sweep, Waikato). Motn, cut. Mntu, ended. Oti, finished. Ongeonge (same as Hoha). Pahure, passed by. Pahemo, idem. Päkārn, brocen. N.B. — Pākäru, active. Pareho, consumed. Pau, idem. Piro, departed. Pite, completas, perfectas ( ). Piwha, gapped. Tahuri, overturned. Toremi, sunk into (as into a bog, &c.) Tu, a)ounded, &fc. Whanau, brought forth or born. Whara, hurt (by accident). Wera, burnt. Ngaro, lost, destroyed, Sfc. Ngenge, tired. Ngonga, beaten (same as Maru). Like adjectives these words will assnme the form of a verb when in connection with the verbal participles.

Indeed (as we bave already observed), our impression is, tbat, the more we examine, fche more sball we be led to think tbat a gennine verb is by no means a common tbing in Maori ; and tbat substantives, adjeetives, and otber classes are tbe fountains to wbicb most of tbe verbs of tbe language may be traced.

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

Scarcely any part of Maori is more worthy of attention tiran the prepositions. In no language, that we are acquainted with, are their powers so extensive. While in common with those of English and Hebrew, they serve to express those relations which in some languages are chiefly marked by the different endings of the nouns, they extend their influence still farther, and are in many instances, of material importance in determining the time of the sentence in which they are placed. They are simple and compound. The simple are those which, in construction, take no other preposition into unión with them. The principal prepositions of this class are as folio ws : — E, by. I, by , with , frorn , to, through, m, at, than. Ki, ivith, to, for, at, according to, in. Kei, at. No, of, frorn. Na, of, by, through. Mo, for (or because of), for (possession), at, &c., &c. Ma, for, by, concerning. Hei, at, for. O, of. A, at. Ko, at. To, up to. The compound prepositions are those which, like the composite of Hebrew, require one or more of the

simple prepositions to set forth tlieir meaning. They are as folio ws : — Runga, upon or albo ve. Raro, beneath. Mua, before. Muri, behind. Roto, or ro, inside. Waho, outside. Tua, other side. Pahaki, other side , or this side of (used in describing the position of an object). Tai, idem. Waenga, midst of. Tata, near. Tawhiti, far off. The meaning and uses, however, of the above, both simple and compound , are exceedingly various, and the attention of the student is therefore requested to the following no tices respecting them * : — E, by (applied to the agent, not to the instrumenté. is always fìxed to the agent when a passive verb precedes ; e.g. Rúa kainga e te kuri, was devoured by the doy. Kua kitea e Hone, was seen by John. Kua patua te ngaru e te ua, the waves were beaten down by the rain. When neuterf verbs assume the passive form, the agent follows, as in regular transitive verbs, and is preceded by e ; e.g. Katahi ano a kona ka takotoria e te tupeka, now for the first time has that place been laid upon by tobáceo — now for the fìrst time has tobáceo lain there.

* Many of the following remarks belong properly to the Syntax. The student, however, will, we trust, find it advantageous to have the whole subjeet placed thus— in one connected view before him. f By neuter verbs here are intended also verbalized adjectives. (Vide Verbs, note, under head "Neuter.")

Kangia e te ahi, Itindled having a fìre kindled (there). Verbal nouns, and verbs preceded by such words as hohoro, oti, ahei, hei, pau, &c. will take e after tbem ; e.g. Ngaunga e te ra, a scorcliing ly the sun. Kua oti te patu e au, the has leen ly me; i.e. I have killed (it). E kore e ahei te bapai e ahau, the lifting cannot le accomplished ly me ; i.e. I cannot lift (it). The following, also, are instances in which e is found after the active verb — after a verb, at least, active in form : — Me wero e koe, you must stal it. Me wewete e ia, he must let it go. He m,ea hangã e te ringaringa, a made the hand. Ka te arai mai i taku ahi e koe (a Waikatocism), (see /) you exelude the fire from me. 1, by (follows a neuter verb, no matter whether the agent be anímate or inanimate). Kua mate i a Hone, killed John. Pakaru i te hau, Ir oleen ly the wind. Ka mate ahau i te wai, am dead ly water ; %.e. I am thirsty. 2. wxth. Kia haere atu ahau i a koe ? Shall I go with you ? Ka riro mai i a au, will depart with me; i.e. I shall take, or obtain it. In this latter sentence foreigners often make mistakes, and render it, ka riro mai H a au. Wherever obtaininy, receiving, taking, Seo. for possession, or such like, is intended, i mostly signifi.es the per son, ki the place ; as in the following examples : —

Ka riro to kotiro i te kainga maori, servant uìll be taken away by (the people) of the native place. Ka riro to kotiro ki te kainga maori, your servant girl mil go to the native place. If the following passage were properly and correctly translated, how difîerent would its meaning he from that intended by the speaker ! Kia riro atu ratou i te hunga nanakia, rescue them out the cruel people. The true meaning of the passage, as it stands, is — Let them depart into the poioer of the cruel. 3. Feom. -Zhoa koe ? From whence do you ( come ) ? Ki tetahi rongoa i a Hone, some medicine from John. Inoia he ngakau hou i a la, for a new from him. _ For the difieren ce between i and no, see the latter preposition, § 4, page 62. ITnder this head may be mentioned a partitive sense in which i is sometimes taken ; e.g. Tangohia i ā Hone, take some of John1 s. 4. To (denoting possession, used somewhat similarly to the dative we fìnd in Latin when sum is used for haheo), e.g. I a au tenei kainga, this is my farm ( or possession ). Kahore he maripi i a au, títere is no knife me ; I have no knife. Beginners are often misled by natives and each other in the use of this preposition. Such sen ten ees as the following are incorrect — I a koe haere, go thou ; I a koe korero, you said. It should be simply — Haere ; and, Ñau i korero. 5. Theough (or in consequence of). E kore e tae mai nga raupo i te ua, the raupo cannot le Irought here in rain.

6. In, or at. To tatou matua i te rangi, our Father m I hea tenei e takoto ana ? W this heen lying ? In the cupboard. E aha ana koe i kona ? What are you ? 7. At (past time). I te aonga ake o te ra ka haere rnai matou, the next day we carne here. 8. At (future). I te ra horoi whare ka haere ake koe ki a matou, on Saturday you will come to us. 9. Than (used in eomparison) ; {pide S. adjectives, chap. xvi.) E rangi tenei i tena, this is better than that. 10. Under this head may be classed some instances that cannot well be reduced to any of the above rules : — E hara koe i te rangatira noku, you are not master. E hara i a koe (a kind of joeose phrase, corresponding, perhaps, to that of some in England), you are a pretty feīlow. The following examples seem to be opposed to rule 1 , and are therefore deservíng of notice. They are perhaps confìned to Waikato : — TCa. timu te tai i a tatou, the tide will ebb. Haere mai ki te wahi ruru i a koe, come to the spot sheltered for you. Kei te moe i ona karu, he is indulging his loith sleep. The student should ever be mindful of the distinetion between the preposition i and the partióle by which the accusative (as it would be ealled in Latin) is denoted. This partióle has, of itself, no specifìc meaning.

It follows an active verb, whereas the preposition follows the neuter, and signifies The uses of the two words are totally opposite, as may be seen in the following example : — a young teacher wishing to say, sin produces pain , thus expressed his sentiment : Ko te kino ka whanau i te mamae. Now, whanau is not an active verb. It is a verbalized adjective. It is used correctly in John iii. 8 — Whanau i te Wairua, born of the Spirit. The sentence, therefore, that we have adduced, if strictly translated, would run thus : Sin is born of, or produced by pain. KI, with (denotes the instrument) ; e.y. Patua ìci te rakau, beaten with a When used in this sense it very rarely follows neuter verbs ; for example, it would not be correct to say, Ka i a au ki te abi, it will be burned up by me with Jire. Some passive verb, as tahuna, §c., should, in this case, precede instead of The following form, however, is correct : — E kore e ora hi tena, will not be satisfed with that quantity (offood). E kore e oti ki tena, will not be completed with that. Many speakers confound the instrumental character of this preposition with another use of the word with, which, we believe, is seldom denoted by Ici. If, for example, we had to transíate into Latin the following sentence, "to speak with fear " timidly), how incorrect would it be to render fear into the ablative that is used for denoting an instrument ! All would see that dicere does not express that meaning, and that metu dicere, or something to that effect, was the true rendering. So also here, wherever appendage, connection, and such like is intended, ki is, we believe, a preposition that is very seldom called into use. We therefore disapprove of such a sentence as the following : — Inoi atu ki te ngakau aroha, pray with a heart. It should, however, be noticed that ki is sometimes found in other uses of the word with , in which no instrumentality is designed ; e.g.

Taku malí inga ki a koe, my you ; my work in your service. E riri ana ki a koe, is angry you. This last example, however, might perhaps be most eorrectly translated at ; as in the following : — E titiro mai ana ki a koe, is at you. 2. To. Ho mai ki a au, give it me. Haere ki Manukau, go to Manukau. Te rohe ki a koe, the bo to you ; i.e. for or of your side. 3. Fon. Tetalii ki a koe, ( fetch ) a ( garment ) for yourself. 4. At (past time). I tanumia ki reirá, was I maku ki runga ki te poti, was board the boat. 5. At (future time). Ki te mane ka hoe mai, on the Monda/y will pulí , or paddle, here. Kei roa ki reirá, be not long there. 6. According to. E ai ki tana, according to what he says ; i e. as he would have it, &c. Ki ta ratou, ki taua taro na, he kikokiko, according to them, as concerning bread, it is i.e. they maintain that that bread is flesh. In quoting the sentiments of any writer, the most appropriate forrn for the phrase " according " would be ki ta, as in the above example. Thus the gospel according to St. Matthew might be well rendered by "ko te rongo pai ki ta Matiu; " the rute, according to my opinión, is, &c., ko te tikanga, ki taku whakaaro, ko, &c." It is used, al so, where if would be employed in English : — Ki te haere ahau, if I go.

Sometimos (in Waikato) it is used pleonastically : — Kahore hi te matara te Jiaere 121 ai, not such a distance but he might have come. Frequently, in consequence of tlie elliptioal ciiaracter of the language, it is found in various other uses, which it is difficnlt to reduce to rule. The following are a few examples : — E noho ana koe hi te kai man ? are you from food ? Te tatau hi a au, the door to me; i.e. open the door for, or to, me. Ka riro te waka hi a koe, the canoe for you be gone ; i.e. the canoe that is to take you will, &c. Heoi ano hi a tame ko te whare, let the tent be the only thing for the bull {to Taria e hoe hi a au, delay your {or paddling) for me ; i.e. wait for me. Tikina atu tetahi kete, hi te kete nui, hi te kete hou, fetch a bashet, let it be a large bashet, let it be a new bashet. I riri ahau ki reirá, there , or at that , was I angry. I haere mai ahau hi a koe hi te waka hi a au, I have come to you for the canoe for me ; i.e. to get a loan of your canoe. From the aboye sentence the student wiH form an idea of how much the business of language is performed in Maori by prepositions. KEI, at. — It denotes chiefly present time ; e.g. Kcūiqū, ? Kei te kainga. Where is it ? At the settlement. 2. At (future time). It is not unfrequently found in such constructions as the following : — Kei te mane ka haere mai, on Monday he come here.

3. Sometimes, in animated language, it is used astead of Tco before tbe nominative case; Kei te ringaringa o Ngakete î aroarobaki kau ana ! the hand of Ngakete , toas all 4. Occasionally, in Waikato, it is used in tbe allowing construction : — Kua riro te boe mai, lie ì gone to fetch it ( the canoe). We are aware tbat it as been said tbat tbere sbould be a stop at , and iiat properly tbe above may be said to consist of two ant enees, as follows : — He is gone, he is fetching it. Ve are, bowever, certain tbat many sentences will be eard in wbicb no stop can be detected in tbe native ronunciation. 5. Sometimes it is used in tbe sense of : — Kei te abi e toro, libe fire that burns. Koia ano Jcei te kowbatu, exactly as if it were a stone. NO, of (tbe sign of tbe possessive case). In tbis ignification he is tbe only article tbat it "will admit efore it ; e.g. He wanaunga no Hone, a relation of John's. Tbe following construction, bowever, is an exceptan : — Katabi ano te potae pai no Hone, for the first time the good hat of John's i.e. what an excellent hat is that of John's ! In denoting tbe possessive case, no follows he, and o follows ì, or nga. The following sentence is incorrect : — Ano he tamariki o te Atua, as chilãren of Goã. 2. From (tbat time). No te mane i baere mai ai, he carne here (last) Monday.

3. From (that cause). No reirá i kino ai, f cause was he pleased. In all examples oí this and the preceding head, no will take a past tense after it. 4. From (that place). No Matamata tenei tangata, this man to Matamata. There is a distinction between this meaning of no and that of i ( vide i, 3, page 56), which is very useful and important. No signifies the place to which you belong, whether it be England, Itotorua, &c. I signifies the place you have been visiting as a mere sojourner. Thus, if we were to ask a person, 11 No hea koep" he would most probably reply, "No Hauraki, no Waikato," or some place of which he was a denizen ; but if we were to ask, " I hea koe?" he would then mention some place he had been just visiting. This distinction does not seem to be so clearly recognized at the northward as it is in all the central parts of the island. NA, of (the active form of no). Na wai tena kuri ? whose is that dog ? 2. BY. Na Hone i patu, was beat by John. Note. — Na does not in this sense take a passive after it. It is not quite certain that na does, in such sentences as the above, signify by. The subject will be more íully considered in the Syntax (chap. xix.) Na, in this sense, always takes after it. The following sentence is incorrect : — Nana hoki ìcua tohutohu enei mea, he also has appointeã these things. Tor followed by lea (vide Ma. 5, Syntax, chap. xix.) 3. Turotjqh, by (what cause, instrumentality, &c.) Na te aha i mate ai, from what did he die ? Sometimes, in this use of it, it is followed by a passive voice, with ai .

Na te aha i pahuatia ai ? what cause was he plundered ? Na te aha i meinga ai ? was done ? Sometimes (but rarely) it is followed by an active verb : — Na te mea i tuhituhi atu ai au, the reason of my ivriting (is because ) 8c e. 4. By (place, conveyance, &c.) Na uta, by land. Na te kaipuke, by ship. Na Hauraki ( went ) by Hauraki. MO. — N.B. Mo and ma seera to be future forras of and m in many particulars. 1. For or because of (followed most frequently by ì past tense, even though the meaning be present), 9.0. Mo te aha koe i aroha ai ki a te Karaiti ? do you love Christ ? Mo te aha koe i mauahara tonu ai ki a au ? ivhy do you bear a continued grudge to me ? Mo te tutu ki te kura i whakatikia ai, for disobedience in school were ( ) deprived of Sometimes, however, it is followed by other parceles : — Mo te aha Ma riri kau ? why should he be angry ? Mo te aha koe ka tutu nei kia au ? why are you thus disobedient to me ? 2. For (denoting appropriation , or some action oassing on to the no un, or pronoun, to which it is Drefìxed). Ho mai mo ku, give to me ( my use). Hei kainga mou, as a farm for you (or land to reside upon).

He patu mókvL , a beating i.e. to beat me. He raka mo taku pouaka, a loclc for my box. Murua mai moku, talce it ( them) for me — as a tbing for me, for my benefìt, use, &c. 3. Fon (in exchange ), be utu mo taku mabi. Sometimes (but rarely) it is found in tbe following construction : — Me aba te utu mou ? what is iìie you to be ? 4. For. Wbakawateatia be buarabi mo mea ma, clear a roaã for our friends. 5. At (future time). Mo amua baere ai, go a a future period. 6. CONCEKNTJSTG. Nga kupu i korerotia ki a koe mo Tipene, report tìiat was related to you Stephen. We ha ve observed mo used by foreigners in sentences in which for would appear to be pleonastic, as open the ãoor for me; ãress this wounā for me, &c. We have no hesitation, however, in affirming that mo is never used in such a construction. 7. Usedwitb a yerbal noun to denote a preparedness, Sfc., for some future act ; e.g. Mo nga baererenga ki reirá ko era kai, that "when I go there, there may be food ( for me) ; i.e. I cultivate at tbat place tbat I may bave food wben I visit it. MA. Tbe active form of mo. It implies always future time. 1. Fon. Ma wai tena kuri ? for is that dog ?

2. By, or, more strictly, for. Ma Hone e patu, let John lit. let the killing be for Jobn. 3. By ( what means , Sgc.) 1 la te whakapono ka ora ai, ly (tve) le saved. 4. Sometimes it isused to denote a simple future: — Maka. e korero, I wül sp (to 5. It is very frequently employed in and contìngent propositions ; e.g. Ma nga Pakeha e tobe, kaua e nobo, If Europeans prese (to stop them), do not remain. Man e pai, ka baere au, please I go. Haria atu; mana, e wbakapai, a e whakakino, take it (to him ) : (it wül le) for him to le pleased with it, (it will le) for him to le displeased (with it). A very common way of denoting contingeney is to assoeiate ma or na with a personal pronoun, even tbougb tbe latter bave no direct meaning in tbe sentence ; e.g. He tan gata Atua, ka puta mai ki a ia te kai, ka wbiua te. tabi ki tabaki, bei wbakabere i tona Atu a, mana ka pau i te knri ranei, mana ka pau i te poaka ranei. A man who has a God, if food is Irought to him (to tbe man), part C°/ it) %s thrown to one side as an offering to his God. (As chance may have it) it may le eaten ly the dog, or it may le eaten ly Nana ka nui te bau, nana ka iti, though the wind le strong, even though le light (still äoes he carry on). 6. By (witb reference to place or convoyan ce) in the same sense as na (vide Na 4, page 63).

RA, by, same as Ma 6. HEI, at (always future), applied to place, tion, Sfc. Hei kona tatari, at that place stop. Hei reirá korero ai, thereupon Hei konei, he (j/ou) here — a farewell. 2. It is often used to denote ohject, use, wkere in English we sliould use as, to, for, e.g. Haria etahi kānga hei o mou, ta Ice some as viaticum for you. Hei aka tena ? Hei rewa mo te poti, is that for ? As a mast for the hoat. Kowai hei tiki ? iclio is to fetch (it) Sometimes we hear the following : — Aua hei pena, do not so. 3. Oecasionally (but rarely) it is used to denote frequent action ; e.g. Ko wai hei ruke tonu i nga riwai nei, who îs this that is continually throwing ahout the potatoes f Note. — A very strange use of this preposition is to be found in some parts of the south-eastern coast ; as in the following examples : — Haere koe hei rakau, go fetch a stick. Haere koe hei wai, go fetch water. On the western coast such an address would he a most offensive curse. o, oe ; e.g. Te wkare o Hone, the house of John. A, of, the active form of o. Te mahi a Hone, Jolinas icork. N.B. — We sometimes meet with to and ta; e.g. Ko to Hone whare, Johri's house. Such words, however, are clearly composed of te and o, or a.

A (different from the article , as also from the foregoing) . At. — A te mane, on, or , (we will go), &c. KO. At. — Ko reirá noho ai, at that place stop. Ko reirá korero ai, then TO, up to. — The following is the only construction in which we have heard this preposition : — To nga hope te wai, the water is up to the loins. Ka to nga urna te wai nei, the water is up to the hreast. N.B. —To almost always takes a plural number after it. Compotjnd Prepositions. — One or two examples will be a suíhcient illustration of all. Runga is capable of the following combinations : — I runga i, ki runga ki, ki runga i, ki runga o, no runga no, no runga i, o runga o, kei runga kei, kei runga i, hei runga i, hei runga hei, mo runga mo, &c., &c. The fìrst preposition in the combination and the meaning of the sentence will generally determine the last. Sometimes the adverbs alce and iho {pide Adverbs), as also the partióles atu and are postfìxed to the preposition to increase its forcé ; e.g. E ngari tena i runga abe, that which is above (u) is better. A muri alce nei, hereafter. A singular use of roto (or ro) may be found in the neighbourhood of the East Cape ; e.g. Kei ro whare, instile the house. Kei ro pouaka, in the box. A similar use of waenga may be found in all parts of the island ; e.g. Kei waenga riwai, in the miãst of the potato ( Kei waenga mara, in the miãst of the cultivation.

A very common and elegant use of runga is when it is employed in the sense of amongst, , or witk, to denote concomitancy , &c., &c., as in tlie folio wing examples : — I hokona e koe i runga i te he, you on a bad title. Kei runga tenei i te mahi, we are now on the worh ; i.e. are busily engaged at work. E karakia aria i runga i te he, he on sin; i.e. while he worships Q-od he practices sin. The preceding examples suggest a good approximation to a form of expression which we confess we have been unable to find under the preposition Id ; i.e. noting concomitancy (vide Jci, page 58), as in the following examples : — " Pray with faith ; " " love G-od with your wholeheart." In these sentences we should have no hesitation in using runga. As in the sentence : Kia haere atu te inoi i runga i a te Karaiti, let the prayer go forth upon Christ. The other compound prepositions may often be rendered very useful by giving them, as in the above, a figurative acceptation according with the nature of the subject. One or two examples will suífìce. Tua is thus employed : — He tau ki tua, a year is on the other side; this day year , what a long time (you intend to be absent) ! He mate kei tua, misfortune is on the other side ; i.e. aivaits you. Kei tua o te ra tapu nei, next The student should carefully remember that muri and mua do not exactly correspond with behind and before in English, and that tua is very frequently employed to denote those words. We have heard the following very erroneous expressions from some oíd settlers : —

Tutakina te tatau o te uroaro, shut the door of the front ; i.e. the front door. Kei muri i te whare, beh house. Muri and mua (as well as the substantive aroaró) are chiefly employed in connection with living objects. When allusion is made to the date of events, the student will remember that the prepositions mo, a , hei , kei, ko , hei a , and ko a denote a future time, and that no, i, and o will always indicate past time. These prepositions will sometimes be found to occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and adverbs. Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting what would be represented by a preposition in English. Though their proper place belongs to the dictionary, we beg the reader's permission to insert a few here : — Puta noa i tera taha (make its appearanee out at the other siãe ) ; — through. A taea noatia tenei ra ( arrives on to ) or or | this day. A tae noa ki tenei ra ( till it reaches ) A Mangapouri atu ana, even to Mangapouri. I te takiwa {in the internad) ; — hetiveen. I te ritenga atu (in the Une or of) ; — ante, and contra — over against. Ki tona oroaro (to his front ) ; — befare. I tetahi taha ona i tetahi taha (on one side, on one side) ; — round about him. Ki tera taha (to the other side) ; — across ( The prefix whaka , when in unión with a word, will impart the meaning of towards, and change it into an adverb ; e.g. Kumea whakarunga, pul Haere whaka te pa, go towards the pa .

I hoatu ai e ahau i whakaaro tona matua, I gave it to him in consideration father ( Kihai ahau i whakaae, i whakaaro koki ki a Hone, 1 ãid not assent on account of John ; i.e. for John's salce. The aboye form deserves, we tliink, the notice of our missionary brethren, as supplying a good approximation to a use of the word by, which we have not been able to find under the preposition ki or mo, viz. when it is used in adjuration. If, for example, we had to transíate into prose the following stanza : — By thy birth, and early years ; By thy griefs, and sighs, and tears ; Jesús, look with pitying eye, Hear, and spare us when we cry, we should feel very reluctant to use either ki or mo. For, in that case, our Lord's hearing would be represented as a thing to be accomplished or purchased by Himself with His birth and early years — a versión quite foreign from the original. We should therefore prefer something to this eíîect : — ' ' Whakarongo mai, tohungia hoki matou, &c., wakamaharatia tou whanautanga, &c.," or, ' ' kia mahara hoki ki tou whanautanga ki tou taitamarikitanga, &c., &c. " Some, perhaps, would prefer : — " I whanua nei hoki koe, i taitamariki, &c. ; " neither should we object to such a form. All we contend for is, that ki and mo will not answer, and that they would often, in such kind of sentences, convey very erroneous doctrines. Approximation to such a meaning is all we can hope for ; and that is the best which differs least in sense from the original.

CHAPTER IX. OF THE ADVERBS.

Tlie adverbs of Maori may be considered under two heads, primitive and derivative. Tbe primitive are but f ew in number. The derivative are very numerous, and may be thus ranked : — lst. Those which require some preposition to exhibit tlieir applieation ; e.g . Ki hea, no reirá. 2nd. Those which are derived from words of other parts of speech. Í3rd. Those phrases which supply the place of adverbs. The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in the variety of adverbs. Though, strictly speaking, most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we shall mention them : — lst. Beeause many foreigners are mnch perplexed from not being acquainted with them ; and, 2nd. Beeause, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge of them is of great importance to the composition of elegant Maori. Note 1. — Some of the following adverbs might, it will be seen, have been easily classified under other heads. It was necessaiy, however, to have a classification, and it is not of mueh consequence under vhich head a phrase of equivocal character should be classed. Note 2. — Some of the adverbial partióles are fully considered in the next chapter. Cd

Adverbs rnay be reduced to the following classes : — to tbose of time, place, order, quantity, quality, manner, afñrmation, negation, comparison, interrogation, and intensity. ADVERBS OF TIME* Aianei, \ Anaianei, f ,7 * i • } presently. Akuanei, í 1 J Akuaina, / J/ōanaianei, for this present occasion. Aonaianei, ) . , /naianei, j nOW> Jmt mw ' /naianei-nei-ano, at , or since this present moment. Nonai-akenei, a few minu , days, &c. ago.

* These adverbs of time are arranged aceording to their times, past, present, and future. For the time of those adverbs which are eompounded with prepositions, see the Simple Prepositions, chap viii. The principal compound adverbs are lieci , altea , mua , muri , amata , apopo , reirá. They are chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these combinations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the class of substantives : — A hea ? Ko mua. 1 nahea ? Ko hea? No mua. A muri. No hea ? Na mua Ko muri. Na hea ? I mua. No muri. 1 hea ? Mo mua. Na muri. N o lie a ? Mo a, mua. I muri. M a hea ? M a mua. M o muri. Ki hea ? Ki mua. Ma muri. Kei hea ? Kei mua. Ki muri. I hea ? 1 mua. Kei muri. O hea ? 0 mua. I muri. Hei hea ? Hei mua. 0 muri. A popo. A hea ? Ko anaianei. Ko apopo. Ko ahea ? Hei anaianei. Mo apopo. Hei ahea? Mo anaianei. Hei apopo. Mo ahea ? I naianei. A mua. No nahea ? 0 naianei. Ko amua. Reirá ko and ko nei, ifcc., will take the same combination as muri . īt will be observed tliat some of the above adverbs take n between them and the preposition.

A moroki no a nei A mohoa noa nei A tae noa ki, I tenei ra (lit. until it is ¿oml to m taea noatia j amved to this day) \ nt time_ A, e nono nei (Waikato), ¡_lit. down to this (time) in which (we) are sitting] Eapua ïe Atua i tona kitenga ai, karangatia atu lcei tata ana ia, seek the Lord while lie may ì)e found, cali upon Ilim while He is near. While He may be found , might also be rendered by, i tona Iciteatanga. Ahea ? at what f ature time Apopo, to-morrow. A tahi ra, the day after A mna, hereafter. Wawe \ E kore e taro, it will not be long I E kore e roa, Ídem 80 ' E kore e wheau, idem / Tenei ake ( this after ivards), , hereafter Kei taku kitenga i a ia, when I see him. í ake nei, \ M ) U Ua ( atu*31 i hereafter. Apopo ake nei, idem. A muri ake nei, henceforth. Mo a mua, at a future period. E takoto ake nei (it lies hereafter), henceforward. A, ake, ake, ake, for ever. Kia mo — ata te maranga, rise early (lit. let the rising be at dawn). Ko reirá, on that occasion, then (fntnre). Meake, or perhaps more correctly mea ake, presently, or, was on the point of. Kia mea (ka hoki mai au ?) (shall I return ?) after a little ivhile.

Ka mutu, ivìien JtnisTied, Ka mea, after a little interviú, ; e.g. ka mea ka liaere ake, by-and-bye you will fallow us. Nonaliea ? since, or at what time ( past) ? iVōnanahi ) , , /nanahi j No ) , ,. i the day befare (lit. from I ) a 1 ra ( or on the other day). jyo \ l a short time ayo (lit. from or, j tahi ra atu on the other day hesides, or ) ( beyond). | mua, formerly. ~^° | nanamata, a long ayo, or oíd times. iVô-tua-iho, time out of Inamata ( Waikato ), immediately , direetly, Sfc. E haere ana tenei au, I will go immediately. Penei i nauahi ka tae mai a Hone ma, it was this time yesterday tvlien, &c. Kia penei apopo ka u, we shall laúd about this time to-morrow. j 0 | muri | after warãs. v / Muri í | afterivards j te aonga ake, next day.

* Ka mutu and ka mea generally denote future time, and imply a short interval between tlie time of speaking and the act. Though the former expresses an ending of something else, it does not always intend it ; for it is often used when the person addressed is not engaged at anything. As there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of phrase which is translated "it carne to pass" "it shall come to pass," some have adapted ka mea as a substituto, and in some cases, perhaps, it must stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted ; viz., a simple a, or nawai a , or tenei ake , &c. We, for example, should have no scruple in translating the folio wing sentences : — 4 4 So it carne to pass when all the men of war were consumed," &c.— nawai a, ka poto liga tangata hapai patu katoa te mate, &c.; 44 and it shall come lo pass if ye hearken," &c. — a tenei ake, ki te whakarongo koutou, &c.; 44 and it carne to pass when he heard," &c.— a, te rongonga o, &c.

No te atatu, early in the morning. *> No reirá, from that time, &c. I tenei ra i tenei ra (lit. this day, 1 this day) / I te ao i te po (lit. day and night) ) Tena ano, do it again. Ka | j waenga, at Kahore i puta atu te kupu, whakatika, I had not spoTcen {i.e. immediatel as soon as I had spoken) he aróse. Haere po, go by night. Haere awatea, go by day. OF PLACE. Ko hea (whea Waikato), whither. Hei hea, at what place (future). /hea6a } ^rom Ki ko, thither. No ( ko nei ) from (and that) place. I ( ko na, and ko ra ) v x Kei reirá te pakaru kei reirá te paru ; lit. there the broken place there the Wheresoever it is brohen there coat * Kei waho e noho ana, he is sitting outside. Note 2. — Ki reirá, no reirá, liei reirá, &c., correspond, in most cases, with ki kona, no kona, hei leona with this difference, however, that the na and ra follow the rule already noticed (page 30). Haere iko te tokitoki, haere iho te tahutahu, burn ofí the felled timber, and immediately as soon as it has been chopped up (lit. go down the chopping, go down the burning).

* For the difference between nei, na, and ra, vide Pronouns, page 30.

Ko te tahutahu ko te ko, ko te tahutahu ko te ko, immediately as soon as, &c. Tokitoki iho, ko atu, ãig it immediately as soon as %t ïs chopped up (lit- chop downwards, dig forwards). Ora noa ^ Me i kotahi (lit. if it i had been one) yall but, &c. Wahi iti, a little bit I Whano J Be mea tatau a tau te utu, the payment is to be a thing counted per year ; i.e. it is to be rented yearly. I tenei tau i tenei tau, yearly. He tau pea mahi atu, he tau pea mahi atu, this (manuring of the tree) is, perhaps, a worh of every year, done yearly ; kei te hauhake riwai, tuhu iho kei te kumara, (we) are now (engaged) at digging up potatoes, aftenvards (we shall be) at the kumara. Ka maha nga haerenga, many have been i.e. he has gone frequently . Hoki ake ko aua kupu, hoki ake ko aua kupu, he repeats the same words over and over again (lit. return up, those very words, return up, those very words). Na wai-a, at length, so it was, it carne to pass. Tatari noa, a, waited a long time . A oti noa, until jinished. Kia tae mai ra ano , until he arrives. Ka tahi ano, now for thefirst time. Ka tahi ano he mea pai, i is a good thing indeed. Ka tahi au ka mea atu, then I said. OF ORDER. I noho ai, he hau tetahi, he kai kore ha rúa, ( remained away , 1 st, (becau of) the 2ndly, (we) had no food.

N Ka rúa aku haerenga, I (lit. my goings have been two). Whakatepea te ko, kaua e pokapokaia, dig regular progressìon, not here and there (lit. ordina fossionem) . Me haere wakatepe te korero, relate the in order (lit. the speech must go in order). Hurihia Ico roto , turn ( it ) inside out. Hurihia kotuatia te papa, turn the board on the other siãe. Matua (Ngapuhi) first; kia mātua keria, let it be first dug. Mataati (Waikato) hopukia mataatitia, caught first. Kua huri Icoaro te tangata wero,# the wero has turned adversely. Ho mai ki raro nei, gire it down here. Kei haere ki tawhiti , do not go fiar. Whiua ki tua , throw it to the other side. Neke atu ki tahaki, move to one side. Kumea whakarunga, pulí upwards. Whakawaho, outivards. Whakaroto, imvards. A, tae noa ki te Pukatea, to the Pukatea. Haere iho , come down (to me). Piki ake, climb up (to me). Makā atu, thrown away. Eukea ake e ahau, thrown aivay by me. Makā mai, throw it here. I te tahi taha i te tahi taha (lit. on^ one side, on one side) A karapoi noa (lit. until it sur- , , , fiy. y > round about. rounds) A porowhawhe noa, id A potaipotai, id ^

* The tangata wero is the person who advances to meet a party, and throws a spear at thein. If, in turning to retire, he turas to the side different from that from whieh the spear was darted, it is a huri koaro, and a bad ornen.

Peìiea te mataratanga ? hoto ? A, hea atu ra ano ? how far ? A, hea noa atu , īcnotvs not Tautauamoa rawa tana kai, tana kai, each man eats separately {i.e. by himself). Piri tautauamoa, fighting , each by himself. Kaua e ururuatia te whangai, donH feed ( the child) in rapid succession, without any stop. Me wluikaìiìpaìiipa etahi rangi (lit. let some days be made une ven), i.e. do it every altérnate day, or at irregular periods. Haere tahi , go together. A, te tukunga iho (well, the letting doivn, at last, fìnally) i.e. the issue of such conduct, &c. E kore e ro&o-kainga, kua ruaki, he vomits immediately, as soon as he has eaten {it). I te oroÄohangaanga o te ao, when first the toorlã was made. Kati inanahi ka haere mai koe, stop yesterday you carne here ; i.e. you started about this time yesterday. OF QUANTITY. Ho mai ida maha , give abundantly. Ho mai hato a mai, give entirely, or wholly. Tena hoki te tahi taro, give me also, or besides, some bread. Ho mai hia iti, give me ( let it be little ), paululum. Kia penei, let it be so much. Poto rawa, consumed totally. Koia ano te pai ! hoiv excellent ! Ano ! &c., idem. Roa poto nei ano ( long short), i.e. moderately long. Kahore atu, no other besides. ïikina atu hohi, fetch another besides. I ki mai ano hohi ia, he said moreover.

OF QUALITY. Haere tupato, go cautiously. Kia uaua ki te mahi, be strong to , work industriously. Kia haìia te hoe, pulí {the strong. Noho whakaaro kore, sit without , i.e. thoughtlessly. He aha i aweke ai te mahi ? te noa iho tē tuhu noa iho, why is the work done neatly and not {rather) heedlessly (lit. and not rather let it down in any way, let it down in any way). Haere wehi, go fearfully. Kai haere, go eating, i.e. eat as he walks. Tu tahanga ,* stand nakedly, i.e. naked. — kau, idem. Haere noa atu, go without guide, fear, &c. &c. Tangohia huhua koretia iho, taken without cause, i.e. causelessly. Ohia noa iho au ki te patu, I struck (Jiwi) unintentionally. E hara i te mea totika, not intentionally . Patua maoritia , killed intentionally, in the common way, &c. — marietia, intentionally. I tukua whakareretia, let down by a dash, not with care. Te kaha te tuku, donH let it down violently, i.e. do it gently. Tukua marietia, let it doivn gently, peaceably. Kia ata tuku, — gently. Kahore ano kia ata maoa, not quite done, (i.e. in cooking). Te ata pai marie o te rangi i nanahì ! what an exceedingly fine day was yesteräay ! He pupuhi noa, firing without an object.

* Tahanga is only to be found as adverb.

Tu hau ana, stand empty, idle, &c. Marie ano ahau i ha ere mai ai i ora ai koe, 1 carne fortunately by which yon were saved ; i.e. I have com ejust in time to save you, or it is well that I carne to, &c. OF AFFIKMATION. Maori is very well supplied with aífìrmative and negative partióles, all of which difïer by very slight shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of which will be best learned by practice. Ae,*4 yes. Ina, idem. Aana, idem. Koia, idem. Ae ra, idem. Ae ra hoki, yes truly , &c. Ae ra pea, idem. Koia ha hoki, idem. Ae ko, yes (you are corred Koia pea, yes , perhaps ; (sometimes used ironically for a negative) yes indeed ! OF NEGATION. Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal partióles. We have given some explanation of them in chap. vii. ( pide paradigm of the tenses), and we shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax.

* Ae and ina do not always strictly imply e.g. Kahore he kete ' He kete ano ; ae ra, tikina atu. Js there no basket ? There is a basket ■ ves then, go fetch it. The word answer in Hebrew, and that corresponding to it in'the Greek Testament and Septuagint, aft'ords, we think a parallel to this use of ae. It is putting a commanã, &c. into the fonn of an assent to some previous sentence. N. 1 ». is often used to denote energy, certainty, &c.; e.g. ina ka riri au, in that case, I will be angry.

Hore, no ; hore rawa, b no Kahore, not and no. Kaho ) Kao \ noKihai, not. Kore, idem. Tē, idem ; tē kaha, donH do it Ana \ Auaka / , , jr > do not. Kaua í Kauaka ) Kei, do not, and take care , or test. Aua hoki (used in soine parts oí Waikato for no , no), not at all. E liara koe i te rangatira noku, are not my master. Kiano (Ngapuki), not yet. Haunga,* not (denoting exclusión, or exception) ; e.g. Maunga tena, not th the other). Aratakina mai te poaka ; haunga te mea purepure, lead the pig h not the (but the other ). Kaliore haunga (Waikato), used sometimes in stead oí haunga. Aua i & > I do not Icnow. Au ) Meho (Waikato) ) not at all (used in abrupt Hori j replies).

* Some, we believe, maintain that the adveib besiães shoulcl be always rendered bv haunga. Ifc is true that wherever exclusión or negation is indicated by that word, haunga will generally answer ; e.g. E rúa tekau ratou, haunga nga wahine, They were twenty besides (that is, not thewomen. In the leading sense, however, of besides viz. that of moreover, adãition to— haunga will, we are sure, seldom lind a use ; as in the following exampl es " Besides, you know," "nobod.v thinks so besides yourself," " there is nothing there besides the box," " her he had no child."

OF COMPARISON. Meatia í peneitìa, do it tlius. { penatia ) , ,, , or i 1 , . > do it in that manner. [ peralta J Penei, kua ora, thus (in that case, if that liad leen done) he ivould have leen saved. Koia ano tena, exactly so. Me malii matul ale, ivorh separately. Haere ana i a, Ico tona he by alone. Wailioki, lihewise, also. Ano kua mate, as tliougli he were dead . Me te mea, &c. (Waikato), idem. Koia ano Icei te wai, exactly as if it were water. Haere a parera, wallc like a Wakatangata nui, act manfuīly. "Wakatupu tangata, idem. OF INTERROGATION. Ma,ori Fas many partióles ^kicF indicate interrogation, and wliieli correspond, in some particulars, with. tlie enclitic partióles ne and num of Latin ; e.g. E pai ana ? ne ? are you ? are you ? Ine (Waikato) difïers but little in its use from ne. Panel, ianei, iana , and iara are always incorporated into tbe sentence, and generally denote a question ; e.g. Epai ana ranei koe ?

* Some foreigners, wre observe, give this adverb a more extensive meaning than we have allowecl it. In such phrases, for example, as the following : — "Held by the hand," "built by the hand," &c., they would say, "purutia a ringaringatia," "hanga a ringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of opinión that such expressions are very rare in genuine Maori. "Purutia ringaringatia," "hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way preferable.

Koia?*4 Indeed? (when used by itself). Oti, else. Na-te-aha ? why ? Me pehea ? How must done ? Ranei is very frequently used in tlie sense of whether. Ianei , iana , and iara are sometimes pleonastic in Waikato. OF INTENSITY. Pai rawa, tino tika, tino pai kino har aliara, tika pu , ke noa iho tini tika tonu ; all tkese adverbs stand for very, or some modifìcation of it ; e.g. I lioki rawa mai koe ihea ? what is the or last, place from which you have returned ? Pokuru iho, pokuru iho te namu, densely the sandflies. Kahore kau, not at aīl. Haere ra pea, go now, I say, &c. Haere ra, idem. Maori, as miglit be expected in the language of a rude people, abounds in adverbs of intensity. We shall have to mention some of these hereafter ( viãe Ãdjective, eomparative degree, Syntax). They sometimes elegantly supply the place of verbal partióles, as v?e shall have occasion to show when we treat on the syntax of the verbs. From the preeeding table the student will see that Maori has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and that the chief process by which a word may be converted into an adverb is by placing it in immediate connection with the verb or ãdjective.

* Koia, when part of an interrogativo sentence, is, as far as we have observed (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Maori have not followed the rule), almost always used in rejoinder ; e.g. I pehea koia ahau ? what then did 1 say ? The speaker here supposes that the hearer had disputed his statement, and uses koia. Oti is used in a somewhat similar construction with the meaning of else; e.g. He aha oti ? what else then is it ?

It should perhaps be here noticed — lst. That Maori inclines to this mode of construction. Thus, where we should say, The men and tlie women must all roll the log , a native would most probably employ the adverb — e.g. Huri tañe huri walûne . Such a mode of construction, though loose is, however, concise and emphatic. 2nd. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same variations as the verb — admits of number, voice, and the form of the verbal noun. Eor this, however, vi de Syntax in Adverbs. 3rd. That another process for the creation of adverbs is by prefixing whaka or a to the preposition, noun, or adverb. 4th. That the compound prepositions, especially when time and place are denoted, will very often take the adverbial form.* 5th and last. It would be a very useful exercise for the student to examine those sentences the place of which would be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of their construction. Some, for example, he will ñnd rendered by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substantive in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c.

* It has been objected by a learned friend that the compound prepositions are more properîy adverbs, and that in such a sentence as " kei roto i te whare," i is the governing preposition, and roto is an adverb. We submit, however, that if a preposition be "a particle denoting the relation of one substantive to another, then roto is a preposition, for it clearly indicates a local relation between roto (or i roto , if yon please) and the thing spoken of. Those who feel sceptical on this poínt, we would beg to examine the composite prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew preposition under (tahath) is recognized as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may require the prepositions from and to in combination with it to exhibit íts meaning. So also, in English, such prepositions as according to, out at, ont of, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the supplement ary preposition annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted that where there is a break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the former must be considered as an adverb ; thus, in the sentence, " Kei raro, kei te whare," "it is below , it is in the house raro is here, as it is in English, an adverb joined to is, the line of connection being broken by a comma. In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the compound preposition (or rather, in this case, the adverb) must also follow it.

CHAPTER X. OF THE PARTICLES.

We liave thought it better to devote a sepárate chapter to the consideration of tbe following partióles of Maori; fìrst, because those words, though they strongly partake of the nature of adverbs, are yet sometimes nsed as conjunctions ; secondly, because we are of opinión that a distinct consideration of them will be the best way to impart clear and comprehensive views of their nature. An accurate acquaintance with these cpect p i croe rila (" winged words") of discourse is in most languages of very diffìcult attainment : but in Maori, particularly, do they require our study ; that language not concedirig to the yerb the same promirient place that it occupies in other languages, and rather (as we have already observed) transacting the business of predieation by pionouns, partióles, &c. They are mainly used for embellishing, defining, and impressing a thought, and may, with the prepositions, be justly denominated, The hinges of Maori. To enumérate them all would be an endless task, and perhaps a useless one ; for, in no part of Maori is there so great a discrepancy in the various districts. The following, we think, are the most general in use, and most deserving of notice ; — Atu, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau. Atu and mai are, in most respects, exactly opposite ; atu indicates an emanation forth or action from, the latter an approach or ãirection towards, the speaker.

Kahore ahau e rongo atu , E kore e rongo will I do not hear forth. not hear towards [me or us). E rangona mai ranei tatou ? shall toe be heard towards (us) ?

Tu atu, stand out of my Kati mai i tona, stand way. there where you are. Tikina atu , yo there and Tikina mai, fetch henee, bring here, i.e. fetch t henee. E tatari atu ana matou ki a koe, tve are waiting forth to you. E kore ah.au e kaha atu, Mau mai, ano, for you I shall not be strong truly it is forth, i e. shall not be for you to the first oble to take it there. &c.

Note. — Atu will sometimes lose its peculiar meaning after a verb (vide Yerbs, S). It will also occasionally stand for other : Tera atu ano, that is another ; i.e. there are other besides. Äke and Iho. — The general uses of alee and iho are, of the former up, and of the latter , to the speaker : Haere alce, come up (to us). Heke iho, come down (to us). E tu iho , he stands up there, i.e. down towards (us). Te mea e ngangautia alce, the thing about which there is that contention , lit. is contended up towards (us). Sometimes they will stand, the one for up, the other for down, to the object of the action ; e.g. E kore ahau e roa alce, I am not tall enough to reach up (to it). Ho alce ki a ia, give it up to Pataia iho te mate, aslc down (to ) siclcness. Alce and iho will sometimes denote peculiarity, self-existence , &c., e.g. Maku alce ano, for myself alone. Mona iho ano tena, that is for alone.

E liara i te toka tu alte, a rocíe has of itself. Alte will sometimes signify the other siãe of the speaker, wh.eth.er it be before , behind, to one side of, above, below, &c. ; e.g. haere alte to a kearer in front will mean, come behmd me ; to a person behind, it will signify, come to my front. N.B. — Iho does not seem to have any corresponding opposite to this ineaning of ake. Sometimes, also, alte is employed to desígnate a motion by another towards some place with which the speaker may be in connection ; e.g. Ka mea, ka haere alte ki Waitemata, folio w me by - and-bye to IV litemata. He aha te tikina alte ai he ti ma te turoro nei ? why has not tea been fetched ( frorn my residence ) for this patient ? E puta mai, ko karanga alte ki a au, when he comes yon will cali to me ( who am noiv going aioay). Under these two last rules, should, perhaps be mentioned the foliowing examples : — Tangohia ake te ngarara i taku tuara, talte the insect ojf my back. Ma koutou e urunga ake , do you of the bow of the canoe steer, i.e. so paddle that the , ivhere I am, may be directed rightly. Note 1. — There are otlier subordínate meanings of ake and iho, of which examples have been given under the adverbs, and which do not, we think, require any further notice. . Note 2. — Ake and iho are often used after verbs, in a manner somewhat corresponding to that of the verbal partióles Verbs S.) « Ai is a partióle of great use. It is chiefly employed as a substituto for the relativos toho, which , what, and

has reference to the time , place , manner, cause , means , intention, &c. of an action ; as in the following examples : No te ra horoi whare i haere mai ai, started for here on Saturday. I tona hiten ga ai, when it was seen. Te whare i moe ai ia, the ìtouse in which he slept. Te peheatanga i meatia ai, the way in which it toas done. Te take i patua an, the cause for which he ivas beaten. Ma te aha e ora ai ? by means be saved I tuhituhi ai au ñau hoki i utu i ena riwai, I have written to you because you paid for the other potatoes. Occasionally, however, it is heard as a simple expletive ; e.g. I mua ai, formerly. 2nd. It is employed with the verbs to denote a sequence, and, occasionally, an of action, and might he translated b and sometimes " but." Haere, ka hoki mai ai, yo, and then return. Haere ki reirá noho ai, go there to stop. Kua kereherea, noho ai, kawea atu ana ki a te Paki, she toas enslaved, and remained such for some time, then was carried to Paki. Ko te pa ano tera ; noho ai ia ki Horotiu, that indeed is his villa ge ; but he dwells at Horotiu. Sometimes, especially at Taupo, and, we understand, at the East Cape, ai is often used where the sequence or opposition of action is but faintly, if at all, expressed. The following is correct in Waikato: — E pa, kei hea tetahi wahi mo matou?

V kokoa kotoatia ai e koe te whenua nei, where is there a portionfor us ì why, you have monopolized whole of lanã. Note 1, — The place of ai may be often supplied by nei, na, or ra ; e.g. koia ahau i haere mai nei. Note 2. — Ai is often erroneously omitted and erroneously introduced by foreigners, and those who wish to propound a statement aceurately -will do well to observe its use. For ai, as used in connection with the verbal partióle and the verbs, see Syntax. Ano. — This is a partióle much used in assertions and replies. Its meaning will vary witli that of the word to which it is postfìxed. Indeed ; Tenei ano nga tangata o toku kainga te mahi nei i te kino, Here truly are the people, &c. Ko ia ano te tikanga o te aroha, id demum est firma amicitia. Naku ano taku, mine is my own. Kati ano, stop I say {or of you) . Also ; No Waikato ahau, no Rotorua am from Waikato, from Motorua also. Onīy ; Kotahi ano taku, one {Anake would not here be used.) lmmediately ; akuanei, nei ano, now, instantly. Same ; Ko nga kau ano nga kau, they are tlie very same cows. Different ; He tangata ano tena, that helongs to another person. Again or another ; Tikina ano, fetch another. Same as ; Ano e moe ana, as if he were sìeeping. Self; Mana ano, for himself. I whakaae mai ranei ? I whakaae ano. Was he willing ? He was willing. It is used in combination with other partióles, as follows : — Heoi ano, that is all. Ano hoki, also.

Ra ano , until. Nei ano, this is it, or here &c. Koia ano ! how {fine, Sf ) / A e noho nei ano ? and he here ? Ano ra, whakarongo mai, {yes or hat listen to me ; i.e. I do not deny you say ; listen to me ? Ko tena ano ra, that one I say, or that also. Ano, in the beginning of sentences, seems with Ngapubi to admit of a wider application tban wbat is generally heard in Waikato ; e.g. Ano ka tae ki te wbare, and when he carne to the house. N.B. — No, also, with the same people, seems to admit of a somewhat similar application. Ra is a partióle corresponding in its use with nei and ra, and is frequently used to supply the place of the relative which ; e.g. I kite ra koe, which you saw. There ; e takoto mai ra, it lies It is sometimes used, in commands and energetic sentences, for then. Haere ra, go then. Heoi ana ra, that is all about it then. Often in replies : E pai ana ? Ae ra. Koa is a partióle used mostly in correcting, &c., another speaker or oneself : — E pa, e he ana koa koe, O, friend, you are wrong. Aana koa, yes {you are righf). It is difficult to define its meaning in the following phrases : — Tena \ & > koa, show it here, or it to me. Na I

E hara koa (iana or ianei or iara) ra? what else? E ngaro hoki koa iana, &c., I , is (: right , wrong, &c.). Ra koa ka kai iho ia i te ata o tana kai (eren though the offering le (do es god ) eat the shadow of the food ; — yet, nevertheless. U is often used as a mere expletivo. Sometimes it ías forcé in exculpatory sentences ; e.g. E taea te alia u ana i te mamae ? hoto could the poor fellow help it from the ? Note. — Though often used as an expletive, u will not^howìVer, admit of being thrust into every sentence. Some foreigners ieem peculiarly fond of using it. The following use of it is, at east in "Waikato, erroneous: "Ahetangata nui hoki a Hone, íe ranga tira hoki u a ratou." Hoki. — Some of the uses of hoki have been inserted mder the adverbs. We shall give a brief view of the irincipal of them here. Its more general uses are liso , for, òecause : — He mea hoki ka tae mai ahau, in of my having come. Koia hoki, yes truly (he is right), &e. Ina hoki (the same as mei of Waikato), viz. as you may judge from. Kahore ano i tae mai, ina hoki te pu, tē rangona, he has not arrived, as we may judge from the , its not heing heard. Nei hoki, and na, or ra, hoki ; Hopukia te poaka. Kua mau ra hoki, Oh, it has leen caught. Kati te tohe, kua riro atu nei hoki te utu, cease importuning, inasmuch as the payment has been given. This form we approve much of for expressing the following : "for the death of the Lord Jesús Christ," kua mate nei hoki, &c., i.e. inasmuch as, &c.

Ki te titaha holci ra, well then 0/ you wonH give that), give me an axe. Ho mai holci, give it, I say. Kau ; Riri Icau, angry without cause . ÏÏ ngenge ana koe ? Ngenge hau! Are you tired? Why should I he tired ? (lit. tired at nothing E mau hau ana te tanra, is barely fastened , i.e. it has only the ñame of heing fastened. Ka mahi hau ahau, ivorh for nothing. Tu hau, stand idle, naked, &c.

CHAPTER XI. OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

le, and; Te kete me nga riwai, tbe basket and the potatoes. While; Me te bongi, me te tangí, and saluting, and crying ; i.e. while saluting he is crying. With ; * E mahi ana me te wbakaaro ano ki te ntu, be is working, and is at tbe same time mindful of payment. Haere tabi me ia, went togetber with bim. As ; Me konton boki i wakarere i to koutou kainga, as ye also left your eountry. í ° ) le & > mua, as formerly. ( to ) Me mna,f idem. As far as ; Me konei, me W aitemata, as far as from here to Waitemata. If ; Me he mea a pai ana, if he is wiīling. Me i kabore koe, if it bad not been f or you. la, and (a numeral conjunetion). Numeráis, page 25.) Mei (Waikato), inasmuch as, as you may judge from. ( Vide hoīci. Same as ina holci of Ngapubi).

* This partióle will often supply a good substitute for with, when it notes connection, &c., a meaning which we believe to be but seldom pressed by ki (vide ki, Prepositions). t Some foreigners, we observe, use me i mua ; this, however, is delely erroneous.

Koia, therefore ; koia i riri ai, he . Na and a. — These partióles are of very great use in Maori. They correspond very closely with partióle vāhv of Hebrew, and may be recognized in our translations as occupying tbe place of and, therefore, but, &c. " It was," said öesenius, in vāhv, "a part of tlie simplicity of ancient language to mark merely tbe connection of ideas, without expressing tbose nice distinctions of tbougbt wbich are designated by tbe use of camal, disjunctive, and otber eonjunctions. Tbe prefix vāhv retains tbis variety of signification, tbougb otber more defìnite eonjunctions are also in use." Tbis is precisely tbe case wítb Maori. Ina, ua {ana, Waikato), Ina korero abau, tvhen I speak. Or, if (occasionally), cbiefly in cases in wbicb contingeney is attacbed to when : Ma wai e wbai, ina tere ? who is to follow it canoe ) if it drifts ? Heoi (Ngapuhi) and heoti (Waikato) is a partióle which corresponds sometimes with a and na in its uses. It generally, however, implies opposition, and might be translated by but, &c. Sometimes, also, it has the meaning of so, then, and sometimes (particularly in Waikato) it is, in the end of sentences, redundant. Ara, and then, &c. ; e.g. Ara te meatanga atu a Hone, and then John replied. Kote. — Ara is very often used as an adverb for viãelicet, forsooth, &c. Mo ) • ^ I reirá. .j^.° í for tbat cause, therefore.*

* The learned student will, however, notice that these words, as well as koia, are only pretìxed to conclusions which are the natural and ■

Mona i tabae, because be stole. Inake ano; Ináke ano i kore ai e tupu, a reason indeed why it did not grow from that cause). Ina whai ano (Waikato), idem. Otira \ Otiraia | la > but, and nevertheless. Baia I Atiia (Waikato) J Huatu \ Kaore, and kahore All tbese belong to tb.e Tena ko tenei adversative class, and Tena ) , • denote , witb. some Ko j mmdmus V, peeuliarity, however, of E ne-ari ) , • tbe meaning and conE rangi ) some imeS struction wbicb. can only E ngaro b© learned by practice. E ao ia J Abakoa, although ; Ahakoa roa noa te tobe e kore e mar ere, although you importune long, it witt not be granted. Note. — Ahakoa will almost always precede in the sentence.

sary effect of a preceding proposition. For example, we might use mo reirá , &c., in such a sentence as the following : — "Men are sinners, there - fore men are exposed to the wrath of God because the preceding proposition is clearly a cause of the latter. We could not, however, use any of them in such propositions as the following The Tohungas are liars, therefore the New Zealander listens to liars 4 4 the sun shines, therefore the sun is a luminous body " man is an animal, therefore man has sensation because it wouid not be true to say, that, because the Tohunga is a liar, he is therefore listened to ; because the sun shines it is luminous ; or, that man having sensation is caused by his being an animal. Wherever, then, the connection with the preceding proposition is either accidental or ábstract , we must have recourse to other words, such as na , a, ra , pea , &c., and these are largely used in our translations (vide Mat. v. 37, xxiv. 42, and N. T. passim). The aífirmative partióles ina and ae ra will often supply a good substitute for therefore , and will be logically correct. For the conclusión is the proposition that we in principio affirm to be true, and having proved it, we then authoritatively pronounce it to be so. (Vide our remarks on ae, &c., note, under Adverbs of Affirmation.)

Following are a few examples of phrases which supply the place of conjunctions : — Ki te kahore e pai, if he is not pleased. Ki te wa haere, if you go. Ka pa ñau, if it had been yours. Ka pa tao (Ngapuhi), or tau (Waikato) na tatou, if it had been ve that had done it. Patu, ka aha ? If I beat him, what better will he be ? lit. beat him, what is (effected ?) I tika ano i a au, titiro ana koe wahia iho, I liad put it all to righis, and you go and break it in pieces. E korerotia atu ana, e whakatika mai ana, he is spohen to, he rises up , i.e. I speak to him, he rises up against me. Pera hola me Hana e whakatoi nei, just as llana teases. Ma na ka tika, mana ka he, (no matter whether) it be right or Ko reirá, then. The partióle ai is yery useful in supplying the place of conjunctions. ( Vi de page 88.)

CHAPTER XII. OF THE INTERJECTIONS.

Maori abounds in ínter jections. The following are the most common. It will be seen in this part of speech that there is a considerable variation in the difïerent tribes. INTERJECTIONS. For calling to another per son near at , Ou ! Ou ! For reply to recall , O (in a falsetto tone). For drawing attention to state &c., &c. Inana î ir ara ! ira ! (Rotorua) . Aiaiai ! (Taranaki). Rere! ere! nene! re! (Waikato). Nana ! (Ngapuhi). For exciting attention , rara ! (Waikato). JDisapprolatory — E, e ! He ! hi ! ha ! aeha ! ãrārã. Ata! (Ngapuhi). Ae! Esclamations made when it has been found that the speaker was correct (corresponding to oh, you see yes , to le sure, &c.)— Na ra nei ? Arara! haka! (Waikato), aheiha (Ngapuhi), ae ra hoki. That expressive of gratification at some misfortune having befallen another, Kaitoa ! Of salutation to visitors — Haere mai, haere mai ! Tauti mai (Waikato), ñau mai (Rotorua). 8alutat%on of one meetmg , Tena ra ko koe 5 or, Tena koe ! (lit. that is you). In reply to a salutation , Ko koe ra ! It is you ! Of farewell— Hei konei ; stop! Haere, go ! E noho ! ne ? Remain ! Will you ?

Of wonder, Aue ! Eue ! (Waikato), Taukiri e ! A! lie inati ! (Waikato). Besides these, there are phrases which are often used as inter jections ; e.g. Ka tae taku matua, &c. ! , my father, &c., corresponding to our thank you. Ka tae he mamahi mau ! what heavy work for yon. Tauhou , ki a Hone ! (lit. stranger to John /) Oh , Mr. John. Ka mahi a Hone, idem. Maori delights in interjectional and ironical sentences, and the student who desires to he a good speaker should pay them much attention, and stndy also to catch the tone of voice, &c. Some who have not noticed them have turned an exclamation into a question, and thus altered the meaning of the sentence. "ïïow many pigs of John have better food than I ? " we have heard thus translated : E hia ranei nga poaka a Hone he pai ke ta ratou kai i taku, &c. ? The translation here obviously difîers from the original. It should have been, Ano te tini , or tini noa iho, or ka tae te tini, or kia tini, na (or ano), te tini , or he tini nga poaka, &cAnd here we may observe that, in translating from another tongue into Maori, it would be perverting all use of language to render by merely a verbal correspondence, without any regard to the meaning; and that, in these idiomatic phrases, it would be best, unless we wish to establish the maxim of the Freneh statesman,* " that language was merely intended to eonceal our feelings," to make our author employ those corresponding expressions in Maori which he would most probably have used had he been speaking in that language. We may observe, in conclusión, that Maori has no

* The Abbé Talleyrand.

good forro, for sucb optative interjections as would &c. Tbere is, it is trae, a kind of substitute ; but it cannot be expressed by our present alphabet. It is foraied by a sbarp smack of tbe tongue against tbe palate, and na pronounced after it. Tbe best form, for tbe present, is, perbaps, me i, witb a peculiar tone of voice ; e g. Me i kite abau ia ia ! If I bad but seen bim ! or, would tbat I bad, &c.

CHAPTER XIII. OF THE SYNTAX.

PRELIMIISTAltY REMARKS. Before we proceed to the consideration of the Syntax of Maori, it will be necessary— lst, to explain some terms which we sball be obliged to employ; and, 2nd, to make a few remarks on the general features of Maori sentences. Some further remarks on this subject we shall reserve till we come to treat on the verbs. The subject of a proposition is that concerning which anything is affirmed or denied. The predícate is that which is so affirmed or denied of the subject. Thus, in the following sentence, Kua mate a Hone, John has died, Soné is the subject, and mate is the predícate. Note. — We can scarcely recognize the verbal partióles as copulas. We believe that their exclusive use is to denote time. Propositions, or sentences, we divided into simple and compound. Another divison is here necessary — viz., into complex and incomplex. An incomplex proposition is that whose subject and predícate are simple terms; e.g. He hoiho tenei, this is a A complex proposition is that which contains some qualifying, or otherwise modifying, term in connection with either subject or predícate ; e.g. I mate a Hone Jci reirá. Ki reirá here qualifìes the predícate mate. He tokomaha nga Pakeha i Akarana, many are th foreigners in AucUand. Nga Pakeha i Akarana is the subject, and tokomaha the predícate.

He aroha no te Atua i ora ai tatou. This, placed in due order, is " I ora ai tatou, he aroha no te Atua," we having leen saved was a love of God. Here, I ora tatau is the subject. Ko tou utu tena mo to hanganga i te whare ? that your payment for your having huilt the house ? Here, we conceive, Ico tou utu mo to hanganga i te whare is the subject, and tena the predícate. In examining the nature of Maori propositions, the student will soon notice that they are characterized by a remarkable brevity and abrupíness, as well as by the frequent occurrence of ellipses. As a New Zealander is generaliy unequal to a train of consecutive thought, so also is his language inadequate to exhibit with accuracy the various proeesses of the civilized intellect, snch as comparing, abstracting, &c., or indeed any ideas beyond the simple and monotonous de tai] s of his daily life. It is, if we may so speak, an animated sketching, intended for general efïect, the more delicate lines being but faintly touched. The student has already seen that Maori is defeetive in partióles of illation , comparison , and copulation . The want of a verb substantive, which is so useful as a copula in other languag*es, will often, where accuracy is desired, cause both clumsiness and obscurity of construction. The process by which a New Zealander constructs his sentences is very similar to that of a child who is just beginning to speak. For example : If the latter wishes to express, " Is that a horse?" " Give me some bread," he will most probably say, "A horse that?" "Me bread." He has the ideas of himself and bread , and, by pronouncing the one in immediate succession after the other, attempts to convey the idea of their mutual connection. So also will Maori, when it wishes to express the dependence of two or more ideas on each other, place them in cióse connection, as distinct existences, and leave the hearer to deduce their intended relations. From henee it may, à priori , be collected — Ist. That Maori inclines to the substantive form. 2nd. That it will have a peculiar tendeney to the indicative mode of statement. 3rd. That it delights in short sentences. 4th. That it will often, in consequence of the frequent occurrence of ellipses, present constructions which will appear strange to the student of only polished languages, and even occasionally seem to defy analysis. 5th. That the clauses of the sentence will, like its words, be often thrown together withoufc any connecting partióles, and that we shall often notice in their construction a frequent occurrence of epanorthosis.

On some of tliese heads we shall have to remark hereafter. The last-mentioned feature is, however, of such importance in the investigation of some of the difflcult points of Maori that we must beg the student's leave to being it here prominently before his no tice. Epanorthosis is a figure of frequent occurrence in all languages, but particularly in those of the East. It is " the qualifying a former clause by the addition of another;"* e.g. Ka tae te hohoro o ta tatou kia, te pau / what great haste our food has made (I mean) the being consumed. Here te pau is a clause qualifying the preceding. E rúa tahi enei, he roa there are two here, nothing but long. Kingihia mai, Ida nohinohi, pour me out some, let it be little {i.e. pour me out a little) ; e rite tahi ana ia kia koe, te ahua , he is like you (I mean) the countenance ; no reirá a Ngatihau i tino mau ai, te ai, that "was the cause why Ngatihau were quite established, (I mean) the not adopting Christianity . 1 riri au ki a ia, kihai nei i whakaaro, I was angry with him, (I mean) he did not exercise thought that matter. Ko te tangata tenei, nana nga kakano, this is the man, his are the seeds {i.e. this is the person ivhose are, &c.) He aha tua e mea, what is yours (actively) (I mean) are doing ? i.e. what are you doing ? Haere ana Hone, me tana hoiho. Ka puta pea tena ki raro, e tihore ana. So John started and his horse. He has perhaps reached to the northward (I mean) is peeling {i.e. going along at a peeling, or rapid, rate.)

* "Est sui ipsius quasi revocatio, qua id, quod dictum est, e vestigio corrigitur." — Glass. edit. Dathe, page 1,350.

CHAPTER XIV. SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.

1. Ko is never used before appellatives without either, te, te tahi, and its plural e or one of the possessive pronouns intervening, and it is almost always found to occupy tbe first place in the sentence ; e.g. ko taku tamaiti, this is my ko e tahi kua kitea, some were 2. In this position, a very common use of it is to imply the verb substantive. 3. The article he, it will be seen, does not require its help for such a purpose ; e.g. he rakau tenei, this is a tree ; he mate toku, a sickness is , i.e. I am sick. 4. All the functions of a (vide page 13) are performed by ko, when the noun, &c., to which it is preñxed, precede in the sentence ; e.g. Ko koe te haere, you are that is to go. Ko runga kau i kainga, the tops only were eaten. 5. Sometimes it will be found in other parts of the sentence ( a ) when the terms of which the sentence is composed are convertible,* or are intended, at least, to be represented as similar ; e.g. ko te tìmunga atu o konei ko te pakeketanga o waho, the elbing of the tide from here is īoiv water outside. Me he mea ko Pahuru ko Ngakete, if Pahuru liad been Ngakete, &c.

* Convertible terms, we need not remind the learned reader, are those the meaning of which is so similar that they may be substituted one for the other.

Ko au ra ko ia, 1 and he are (one). ib) Sometimes, also, when tliere are two subjects of which the same thing is affirmed, Ico will be prefixed to both ; e g. Ko Kukutai Ico te Wherowhero, rite tabi raua, Kulíutai and Wherowhero , they are both of them. 6. It will be seen in the aboye example that leo will sometimes represent and ; e.g. e takoto nei Ico te pihi Ico te poro, it lies here, both the and end ( the bar of so ap). 7. Yerj frequently, also, leo may be denominated "the article of specifieation and emphasis ; " e.g. Nolcu tena paraikete, that blanket is mine ; Ico toku paraikete tena, that u my blanket. The former of these two sentences implies that the blanket is his property ; the latter denotes the same thing, with some further specifieation, as being, for example, one that had been previously described, &c. Again, ko Hone i haere, John went. I haere a Hone, Ídem. Here also tliere is, we think, a differenee. The latter Síntence merely says that John went; the former that John, as contraãistinguisheã from someone else, was the person who went ; literally, it was John [who) went. 8. Sometimes also, in animated description, ko will follow the verb ; e.g. na ka hinga ko Haupokia, na ka hinga ko Ngapaka, then fell H then Ngapaka. 9. Ko will generally be prefìxed to the subjeet,ÃÎ e.g. ko ta te tangata kai he poaka, he riwai, he aha, he aha, the food for man is pork, potatoes, et cestera, et cestera;

* The learned student will here see that Maori has, in this respect, the advantage over Hebrew ; confusión often occurring in that language from the want of some means for determining which is the subject and which the predicate.

ko Oropi te whenua taonga, lanã of property. N.B. — There are some exceptions to tliis rule, especially when tenei, &c., are employed. ( Vicie etiam, rule 5.) 10. Ko is always prefìxed to every title or ñame of men or things which stands alone, without the verb ; e.g. " Ko te karere o Nui Tireni," the the Karare o Nui Tireni. Ko ïïone, here is John , or, John. Note. — Occasionally we meet with an exception to tîais rule, in emphatie. elliptioal and complementary elauses ; (in taunting*) tou ngene, your ngene ;* taku tirohanga, my i.e., when I looked ; ka whati tera, te pa, tìiat ivas ãiscomforted, the pa. ( Vide our illustrations of in Preliminary Remarks, page 102.) 11. It is sometimes used in elliptical sentences like the following : E pai ana ano ; ko te maeke ra, we are willing ; hut the cold — i.e. we should he glad to go only for the cold ; Haere ana ia, ko tona ko taki, he went hy himself alone. Note. — It may be seen in the aboye example that ko is sometimes used for hut ; so also is the following: Me he mea ko te Paki, e rongo ratou, ko tenei e kore e rongo, if it had been Paki they would have listened, but as for this they wìll not listen. 1 2. In connection with the two preceding rules, we may observe that ko is almost always pretìxed to the nominative absolute ; e.g. ko taua kupu au, e kore e rangona, as for that loord of yours, it will not he listened to. Ko te hunga whakapono} ka ora ratou, helievers, they will he saved. N.B. — In some districts the ko is omitted under this rule.

* Ngene is a scrofulous tumour.

14. The omission of the articìe. There are some cases in wbicb no article is prefixed to tlie noun — (a) wben tlie no un follows immediately after tlie verb ; e.g. Wbakamate tangata, (vide Compound Words, page 17). Haere po, go night. (b) Nouns preceded by tbe adverbial partióles and tua ; e.g. tatau a tangata , count by man. (c) Wben a possessive pronoun is associated witb tbe noun ; bo mai toku kakabu, give me garment. Note. — It is however, highly probable that tbe singular possessive pronouns are, like tenei, page 30, compounded of the article te and the plural form &c.; e.g. kei taha oku, on this side of me. If it had not been for nei, the speaker would have said ¿oku taha. The however, attracts the te, and thus resolves toku into its component parts. 15. He differs in its uses from te and e {a) He, of itself, often implies tbe verb substantive. ( Vicie rule 3.) ( b ) He is very seldom found after a preposition. It is alniost always found in tbe nominative case after tbe substantive verb ; e.g. be tangata tenei ; be kino kau koutou. Thus it would not be correct to say, I kainga e he kuri, it was eaten by a dog ; hei tiki i he rakau, to fetch a stick. It should be e te kuri, i te tahi rakau. Note. — When we come to consider the verbs, it will, we think, be seen that in such sentences as he wai, patuamai he poaka, the noun is still in the nominative. 16. A. A strange use of a is sometimes met witb in Waikato. "Wben two nouns follow eacb otber in apposition, a is sometimes prefìxed to tbe latter ; e.g. Ka nobo atu tera i te kai mana a te kabawai, he indeed will remain away from the food for him ! — the kahawai ! E boe ana ki Akarana, ki te kai mana a te paraoa, he is paddling to Auckland for food for himself—flour.

Sometimes it occurs in sentences like tlie following : Na wai tenei haere a te po going (I mean) in the niglit ? i.e., who goes (b) A personal pronoun following the verb in the nominative will very seldom take a before it ; e.g. Whakangaromia iho ratou. It would not be correet to say a ratou. To this rule there are a few exceptions ; tu ana ratou ia tangata a ia tangata, they stooã each ( c ) Proper ñames are not subject to the above rule ; e g. it would not be correet to say, Whakangaromia iho Ngatipaoa. It should be a Ngatipaoa. ( d ) When a question is asked in reference to a preceding remark, a will precede the pronoun ; e.g. E ki na koe. A wai ? A koe ra, Tou assert — who You, forsooth. 17. The articles, defìnite and indefìnite, are always repeated in Maori, as in French, before every substantive in the sentenee ; e.g. Ko te whakapono te take o te aroha, raua ko te pai, faith is the root of , and good works. 1 8. Adj ectives used substantively require the article ; e.g. He tika rawa te he ki a ia, the wrong is right in Jiis opinión. 19. Frequently, also, the article is prefixed to what would be a participle in English ; e.g. Kei te , he is at the sitting, i.e. he is sitting ka tata te the being coolced is near. Note. — It is, however, probable that all such words as noh", &c., should, in constructions like the above, be regarded as substantives.

CHAPTER XV. SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.

§ 1. Nouns in Apposition. — Wlien oiie or inore nouns follow another in apposition, and are equally definite in meaning, the same article that is prefixed to the first will be prefixed to all the rest ; tangata kino koe, he tangata kohuru, you are a , a murderer ; Ico au tenei, Jco tou matua, I, your father ; mau mai taku pu, tera i roto i te whare, here my gun, that in the house. The following sentences are erroneous : — Tenei ahau, Ico to koutou hoa, te mea nei, this is your says, &c. ; Tiakina to tatou kainga, Jco Waikato, take care of our settlement, Wailcato. The Jco should have been omitted in the íormer sentenee : instead of the Jco in the latter, we should have had a. Proper ñames, and pronouns, will only take their proper articles ; e.g. "Nohea tenei Kingi a Parao ? -ivas tìiis King TJiaraoJi ? H.B. — There are exceptions to these rules. Some of them will be mentioned under the next head. § 2. The preposition which is prefixed to the first of two or more nouns in apposition will be prefixed to all the rest ; e.g. Nahu tenei pukapuka, na tou hoa, na Tarapipipi, this letter is mine (i e. was written by me), your friend's, Tarapipipi1 s ; kei nga Pakeha ta matou whakaaro, ta nga tangata Maori, the Europeans are the sentiments of tes, of the New Zealanders. The same usage holds in the vocative case : E hoa, E Hone, Eriend John. The following examples will show that this rule, which seems as yet to have escaped the notice of foreigners, is worthy of attention : — A ka kite i a Hone te tamaiti a Hemi, and he sato

John, the son of James. The meaning of this, as it stands, is : the son of James saw John. Kei a koutou, nga tan gata Maori, in the opinión of you the New Zealanders. This literally means, the New Zealanders are with you. In the first of these two sentences it should be, i te tamaiti, &c. ; in the second, kei nga tangata Maori. Again : kua kainga e koutou, te kura, it was eaten by you, tlie school. The literal meaning of this is, the school have been eaten by you. Kua kainga e koutou Ico te kura, it has been eaten by you, the school. As it stands, it means, it has been eaten by you and the school. Again, if we were to say, Na Ihowa to tatou Atua, nana hoki tatou i whakaora," we should imply that our God was made by and that it was he who savedus. It should be, Na to tatou Atua. There are, however, occasional exceptions to this rule, which it will often be useful to remember : (a) when brevity of diction is desire ì, both preposition and article will be sometimes omitted before the second substantive; e.g. i rokohanga atu e ahau ki Mangere, lcainga o te Tawa, (he) was overtaken by me at (the) settlement of Tawa ; i rongo ahau ki a Koiunuunu, o Panaia, Iheard it from Koiunuunu (the) father-in-law na te Itiutoto, whaea o Paratene, it belongs to Riutoto (the) mother of Broughton. When a pause, also, is made between the two substantives, the preposition will be sometimes omitted before the second ; e.g. kei te kainga o te Wherowhero, te rangatira o Waikato, at the settlement of Wherowhero, the E pa, kua kite ahau i a koe — to mamingatanga hoki ki a au ? Friend, I have found you out — y our bamboozling N.B. — This distinction is very similar to that which obtains in English for the regulating of the sign of the possessive case. In such sentences, for example, as the followíng : — "for David, my servant's sake," we should always have the sign of the possessive annexed to the latter noun, because it follows the preceding one in cióse and unbroken suceession. In the íollowing, however, ' ' This is Paul' s advice, the Ohristian hero, and great Apostle of the Gentiles," the sign of the possessive is omitted, because the connection between Paul and hero is not so immediate as in the preceding example. So, also, in Maori ; when the latter noun follows in a complementary clause, as descriptive or explanatory of the former, and has thus a pause, ortcomma, intervening, it may occasionally dispense with the preposition by which the former noun is preceded. § 3. And we may here state, that clauses in epanorthosis will frequently reject those rules of government which they, under other circumstances,

would liave recognized ; and that they will often ratlier partake of the nature of an exclamation {vicie chapter 14, § 10, page 105, note). Thus in the example just adduced, to mamingatanga is not in the objective case, as is hoe in the clause preceding. It would appear that after the speaker had said, hite ahau ia hoe , he recollected himself, and exclaimed, in explan ation, to mamingatanga In a leisurely constructed sentence he would most probably have said, " Kua hite ahau i a , i ¿o," &c. Again, in the fìrst example of epa (page 102), tae te hohoro o ta tatou hai , pau ! a native would not say, o te pau as strict grammar requires, but rather puts te pau in the form of an exclamation. § 4. The answer to a question will always, in its construction, correspond to the question ; e.g. A' a wai i tango ? Ka Hone, Who tooh it? John. I a wai taku pu ? I a Hone, With ivhom was my gun ? wilh John. § 5. There is no form in Maori corresponding to that contained in the following expressions : " Land of Egypt," " JRiver Euphrates." To transíate these by " Whenua o Ihipa," &c., would be to represent Egypt, and Euphrates, as individuáis possessing that land, and that river. To render them by apposition would, we fear, not much improve our Maori diction ; though it would certainly be more in accordance with Maori analogy. Here, therefore, necessity must make a law for herself, and recognize the former mode of construction as legitímate. At the same time, it is desirable that it should be adopted as seldom as possible. Thus, in the following: " Mount Horeb," "Mount Sinai," &c., we should approve of "Mount" being rendered as a proper ñame, to which it closely approximates in English, and for which we think we may claim the permission of the original. We therefore approve of those phrases being rendered :

"Maunga Horepa," " Maunga Oriwa," &c. Lastly : Such forms as " the book oí Génesis," &c., should never, we think, be rendered by te pukapuka o Kenehi, &c.; for a native will tbereby be led to believe tbat Génesis wrote the book. The difficulty, however, may be here easily obviated, for may be altogether omitted, and " ko Kenehi " simply employed — a form, by the way, which is adopted by the Septuagint. § 6. The Possessive Case. — This case is much used in Maori. It is employed often to denote intensity ; Ko to Ngatimaniapoto tangata nui ha ia ! Oh, he Ngatimaniapotó' s great man ; i.e. he is a great man in that tnbe. It will also, in some instances, supersede the nominative or objective oí the person ; e.g. the following sentence is erroneous : kihai ahau i pai kia whakakahoretia ia, I was not willing to refuse ; this, as it stands, means to despise or malee a cipher of. It should have been, kia whakakahoretia tana ; negative his {peques t sub.) § 7. It is sometimes nseful for denoting the time from which an action has commenced ; e.g. kahore i kai. o to matou unga mai ano, we have not eaten since we landeä. Moe rawa atu ki Waitoke. Te haerenga atu o hea ? We slept at Waitoke. From what place did you start ? Te taenga mai o Hone, kihai i rongo. Te tononga iho o te ata, when John carne here we would not listen to him; (¡ though ) he continued to ask from the break of day. § 8. Often the possessive preposition is used where, in English, a difïerent one wñuld be employed ; e.g. no Otahuhu tenei ara, this path ( ) to Otahuhu ; kahore he wai o roto, there is no water in it. Ka kainga e te matua tañe te roi o te tuatanga* ki te kainga tapu.

* The tua was the religious ceremony performed by the father, or the Ariki oí the tribe, when the child was born, to remove the from the mother and the settlement.

Apopo ake ka kainga e te Ariki te roí o tana taniaiti, The fern root oe the tita tanga eaten Next day the fern of his child eaten ly the ( head chief ). § 9. A word in tke possessive case occurring with another twice repeated will generally follow after the fìrst of such words ; e.g. ki te tahi taha , ki te tahi taha, at either side of him ; lit. at one side of htm, at one side. Sometimes other words will be found to interyene between the possessive case and the word that governs it; e g. ko nga tangata katoa tenei o Waimate, here are aīl the men of Waimate. § 10. The word by which a possessive case is governed is often not expressed in Maori ; e.g. ka tokowha o matou ka mate, four of have died ; e wha nga rau o te knpenga a Hone, there were four hundred ffishes sub.) of the net of John; kei hea to Hone? where is Jolinas ? ( garment sub.) § 11. In the northern part of this island, when a noun is placed in immediate connection with such pronouns as noliu moku, &c., it will sometimes omit the article before it ; e.g. no ratou Ātua a Ihowa, whose God is the Lord ; ka meinga mona wahi, appoint him a portion. Note. — This form is rare in Waikato. § 12. When two substantives meet together, one of which denotes the material of which the other eonsists, or some quality belonging to it, the word denoting the material, quality, &c., will simply follow the other as part of a compound word ; e.g. he whare papa, a boarcl house ; ika moana, a sea fish he repo harakeke, a jiax swamp ; he oranga patan the survivors from a sīaughter ; he tangata kupu rau, a man of a hundred words ; i.e. a deceitful person. § 13. Not unfrequently, when some circumstance or quality is attributed to a person, it will be simply

affirmed to be him ; e .g. He ua kiore , a strength ; he taringa whiti rúa tua) koe, you are an erring ear ; i.e. one who ãoes not be kaone tenei, this (beap of potatoes) a gown ; e. to purcbase a gown ; be aba koe what are you ? ( wbat are you come for ?) Ko au ra ko , I am he i.e. be and I are of tbe same mind, &c. ; ko taku iwituaroa tena, that is my backbone (a form for making a tbing sacred). Note.— This mode of predication seems to liave been much in use amongst the Hebrews (vide G-en. lxi. 26). Tbe seven good kine (are) seven years ; and chap. lxvi. 34, " Every shepherd is an abomination 4 'That rock was Christ "This is my body "Ye were once darkness," &c. § 14. Anotber particular, ais o, in wbicb Maori will be found to resemble Hebrew is tbe frequent substitution of tbe substantive for tbe adjective. Tbus, we frequently bear he kakakore koe, you are weakness ; he Uno te rangi nei, tbe sky is badness, &c.; neitber must tbe student imagine, as bave some in tbe interpretation of tbe Scriptures, tbat tbis mode of construction is always empbatic. § 15. Tbe objective case almost always follows tbe verb; e.g. ka ngau i a au, he will bite me; except sometimes in sentences in wbicb na, ma, &c. are used; e.g. nana abau i tiki ake, me; noku ka mate, since I have been poorly. Sometimes a noun wbicb is plural in meaning will take tbe form of tbe singular ; e.g. ko nga tamariki a Kaibau bei lamaiti ki a te Katipa, the cbildren of Kaihau are a cbild to Katipa; i.e. stand in tbe relation of cbildren. Ko matou katoa tenei, we are all here. § 16. Compound Worãs. — A word in connection witb a compound word will often be governed by one of tbe simples of wbicb tbe latter consists ; e.g. Kai atawbai i a koe ; one to take care of you — koe bere is governed by

ataivhai ; ki te whenua kai mau, food you — mau here is influenced by § 17. A verb can always be ehanged into a personal agent by prefixing kai ; e.g. tiaki is to guard ; kai tiaki is a guard. § 18. On tbe prefixiug and omitting of tbe article te to proper ñames. To lay down any exact rules respecting this subject is, "we fear, impossible ; neither, indeed, is it very necessary, as genuine Maori ñames are beiug fast excbanged for those of foreigners. There are, however, a few particulars which deserve notice. ( ) A simple substantive, adopted as a proper ñame, may or may not bave te prefixed, cbiefly as caprice regulates. (b) If, however, the noun be in the plural number, te is never prefixed ; e.g. Ngakainga. ( ) A verb, and words compounded of verbs, will generally omit it ; e.g. Tangi. (d) Numeráis, as far as , will generally take it. (e) The proper ñames which omit te will be found, perhaps, to be nearly double in number those which take it. Note. — The prefixes rangì and ngati belong chiefly, the former to the ñames of females, the latter to the ñames of tribes. On the distinction between o and a. § 19. This very useful feature of Maori does not seem to be clearly recognized in some parts of New Zealand. It obtains, however, in the other islands of these seas, and may be satisfactorily shown even now to exist in those parts of this island in which it would be least expected ; for example, all will admit that nákw. i patu, mine was the having struck; i.e. I struck (hini) is different from noYu i patu, because I struck him ; and that ma te aha ? will signify by what means ? and mo te aha ? for what reason ? The words in which this distinction obtains are mo and ma, no and na, o and a, and their compounds,

mona and mana, nona and nana, toku and talen : the first and leading distinction between these two forms is (a) that o implies a passive meaning, a an active. Thus, he patu molcu is a striking for w,e, i.e. for me to sufīer ; he patu maku is an for me to strike with; (b) also implies the inhereney and propriety of a quality or thing, as well as the time and moral cause of an action. Henee it will almost always he prefixed to the members of the body, to land enjoyed by inheritance, to sickness, the productions of nature — such as fruits, &c. &c. Thus, we seldom hear, āku ringaringa, nāku tena oneone, he mate nãku ; o is almost always employed. Again, we always hear, noku i haere mai nei, since carne here ; mou i tutu, because yon were obedient ; nona te he, his was the error. (c) 0 is always employed in talking of garments and houses, which are in wear, use, &c. Thus, naku tena whare means, I built that h noku, &c., I dwell in it. § 20. A (long) is prefixed to the , and implies that the no un which is connected with that agent is either an act of it, or an instrument with which, or sometimes a thing upon which, the action is performed, such as tools, cultivations, food, words, &c. (as kupu, horero , because they are fashioned by the tongue) ; e.g. taku toki ; naku tena mara, maku te kupu ki mua ; kai mau. § 21. When the action is intransitive, o is generally employed ; e g. te toronga atu o te ringa o Hone ; ku haerenga. To this rule, however, there are many exceptions. Note.— Visitors, slaves or servants, cliildren {i.e. own children, or children of whom the individual has the management), husband (tañe), wife (wahine) will take the a; when, however, hoa, arihi, rangatira, m wlianaunga, are used, o will be prefixed. Reo also will take o (the voice being a part'of the man). Oranga also, though it applies to food, will take o

after it ; e.g. kai hei oranga mo matou, fooä support us. īn the following passage, " nona te whiunga i mau ai to tatou rongo," the chastisement of our peace was upon Him, the o in the nona has, we think, supplied a more concise and clear rendering than could have been attained without it. If it had been, " Nana te whiunga, &c." we should have understood that it was He who inflicteã, instead of suffered the chastisement. It should be remembered that there are two pronunciations of taka and tana , viz. tãku and tāku, tana and tana ; the short a corresponde to the o, the long a to the a of ma and na. Of tou, there are also two pronunciations, viz., tou and to ; the former corresponds to the o of mona , the latter sometimes to the a of mana. Note. — The to is very frequently used instead of the tou — chiefly in those parts of the sentence in which euphony requires that the sound should not be prolonged. The importance of attending to these distinctions Tjetween the o and the a may be shown by a few examples. He hangi mau is an oven which you may coohfood; he hangi mou is an oven in which you are to he coohed , and would be a most offensive curse ; he taua maku is a party with which I may attack another ; he taua mohu is a party come to attack me ; te ngutu o Hone is John's lip ; te ngutu a Hone is his , or reportì &c.

CHAPTER XVI. SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.

§ 1. Adjectives generally follow substantives; be tangata kohuru, a murderer. Sometimes, however, they will take the form of an adverb, and precede ; e.g, bomai katoa mai nga mea, give (me) the things. Sometimes, also, they will take the form of a verb and precede ; e.g. nui rawa taku riri, very is my anger — or of a substantive ; e.g. he nui taku riri, idem. § 2. The pronominal adjectives, tenei, &c. and taua will always precede ; e.g. tena mea. § 3. Adjectives will generally take the form of the noun with which they are connected ; i.e. if the noun be of the verbal form, so also will be the adjective ; e.g. oranga tonutanga, eternal Ufe ; rerenga pukutanga, sailing hungry. Note.— To tliis rule there are many exceptions. Thus, we ha ve kainga Jcotahi, one eating ; i.e. one maten ga nui, patunga tapu, whakamutunga pai, tikinga hangarau, korerotanga tuatahi. In many cases observation can alone determine when such forms are admissible. As a general rule it would perhaps be correct to say that when the verbal noun is of very familiar use, so as almost to have its verbal character forgotten, or when soine tliing or single act is spoken of, it will sometimes admit after it an adjective of the simple form. It will, we think, also be found that such common adjectives as nui, pai, katoa, and also the numeráis, most frequently follow in the simple form. § 4. Under other circumstances the adjective will follow in the verbal form, especially when diversity, or a number of acts of the same kind, is intended. Thus, oku nohoanga katoa will mean all my settle-

ments; aku nohoanga katoatanga, all times in ivhich I sit down. The following expressions are objectionable : — Korerotanga whakamutw, tirohanga ata whakinga pukw. § 5. It should be noticed, perhaps, here, that we sometimes fìnd the verbal noun used as an adjective or participle, and with a passive meaning : e.g. he toki tna is an axe to fell with ; he toki , an axe which has been used in felling ; he mea mai no tawahi, (clothes) abroad and sent here. Whakakahu. would in this construction be seldom used. On the other hand, we meet with pu whakamoe, gun taken to bed with you ; poaka whangai, fed § 6. Many Adjectives to one Substantive. — It is contrary to the genius of Maori to allow many adjectives to follow one substantive. When, therefore, it is desired to aífìrm many qualities of the same word, the word itself will be repeated before each adjective ; e.g. a great and good man would be thus rendered : he tangata nui, he tangata pai ; or the adjectives will be converted into substantives, by taking the article he before them. Thus, the above sentence might be rendered, he nui , he pai tena tangata, he ivas a , &c.; a large red blanket might be thus rendered : he paraikete nui, he mea whero. Sometimes the adjective will be resolved into the verb ; "a great and terrible God " would be thus rendered : he Atu nui, e wehingia ana. § 7. The following are instances in which an adjective is made to qualify two substantives : — Ko te poaka raua ko te paraoa, he reka , pork and flour {they are botlì) sweet, or a (swe ; he mea reka te poaka, he me reka te paraoa, idem. Tena koa etahi hate, etahi tarau hoki, hei nga mea pai : shoio some shirts and some trousers ; let them be good ones, i.e. show some good shirts, &c.

§ 8. Sometimes the adjeetive will unexpectedly assume the form of a verb or substantive, kei ona kainga, e (01* he) maha, he his many settlements. The following form is heard at Taranaki : ki toru he ra, it will ta/ce three ãays. Sometimes adverbs are used as adjectives; e.g. he tohunga ratea, a great artist, fe.; te tino tangata, the very individual. The following form, in which the verb supplies the place of the adjeetive, is, we believe, in general use : a pouri ana o matou ngakau mo tenei patunga o matou ka rúa; our hearts are dark at this second murder of our friends — lit. this murder of our , it is two. Comparison of Adjectives. — The comparative degree is denoted in various ways in Maori. (a) The first, and most common, is similar to that adopted in Hebrew, viz. by putting the preposition i ( after the adjeetive ; e.g. e kaha ana a Hone i a Pita, John is stronger than Peter. (b) Sometimes there is joined to the adjeetive some adverb of intensity; e.g. e kaha rawa ana a Hone i a Pita, John is much , fe. (c) Sometimes it is denoted by the adjectives ngari and rangi, the verb following in epanorthosis ; e.g. e ngari a Hone i a Pita, e kaha ana. ( d ) Sometimes the comparative is denoted by some approbatory, and the positive by some disapprobatory term ; e.g. e pai ana tenei paraikete, e kmo ana tera, this blanket is good , that ts bad. ) Sometimes the positive is put into the negative form, and the comparative into the affirmative ; e.g. e ngari ano te patu iaau; ana e tangohia oratia täku kainga, it is better to kill me, do not talce away settlement while I Uve i.e. I should rather die than have my possessions taken from me. E nui ana taku hara, e kore e taea te muru, my sin is greater than that %t can be pardoned lit. my sin is great, it cannot be pardoned. He hira te hunga i a koe nei ; e kore e ho atu e ahau nga

Miriani ki a ratón, the people that thee are too many for me to give the Midianites into their (/) Soiïietimes the positive is made antecedent, and the comparative consequent ; patu ano an ka riro ai toku kainga, you must me, and then my possessions. (, 9 ) Eollowing are two modes of comparison which are sometimes met with : polca lee atu te pai o te ra tahi i ou whare i nga ra ko tahi mano, one day thy eourts i& better than a thousand. Ma tenei e whakakoakoa ai a Ihowa, tera atu i te koakoatanga ki te okiha, this shall please the Lord better than an ox. Note.— Th ese two forms are not much used inWaikato. The following is sometimes heard, but it is a weak mode of comparison — rere he ana te pai o tenei % tera, the goodness of is ãifferent from that. (h) A very common proeess for denoting an inferiority of degree is to assoeiate two contrary qualities : e.g. pai kino, indifferently good ; roa poto, (long short) of modérate length ; mangu ma nei, (black white) blacícish. ( i ) The adverb tua prefìxed to the adjective denotes a similar kind of comparison ; e.g. tua riri, somewhat angry ; tua pouri, ratlier darle, Sometimes comparison is implied by reduplication of one or more syllables ; e.g. pouriwW, darlcish (as in twilight). All adjectives which, in English, are preceded by some qualifying adverb— as somewha , not ver y, , as it were , &c. — can be rendered into Maori by one or other of these three last methods. The Superlative Degree. — Maori has no direct form to mark the superlative, but expresses it by various circumlocutions : (a) by the defìnite article prefìxed, with or without some word of intensity ; e.g. Ko au te kaumatua, I am the eldest son ; ko te tino nohinohi rawa tena, that is the least ; ko te nui tenei o nga rakau katoa, this is the largest (lit. the large one of

all the trees. (b) The form for the comparative sometimes necessarily implies the sense of the superlativo : e.g. he tino mohio ia i nga tangata katoa, he is the most wise of all men. ( c ) Folio wing are two other forms for denoting the superlative : e.g. e iigari a Hone e mohio ana; a ano i a Wiremu te tino mohio, John is better, he stands ; but leave the great hnowledge with ; or, whakarerea rawatia i a Wiremu, &c. Sometimes a great degree of intensity is denoted by a repetition of the adjective, with a peculiarly prolonged sound of the fìrst syllable ; e.g. nūi, nui whakaharahara.

CHAPTER XVII. SYNTAX OF THE NUMERALS.

The Partióles prefixed to N § 1. Ko. — This word will often, without te, precede tahì ; e.g. toku Ico tahi , myself alone ; kia Ico , be one ; i.e. pulí together. When tahi is used as a substantive, it will generally take te ; e.g. ko te tahi tenei, this is one (of them). § 2. The numeráis between one and a hunãreā will seldom take any article ; but and mano will take either te or he ; e.g. he rau pea, is a ; ko tahi, te rau, or te mano. Sometimos the numeráis lower than a hundred will take the article te, when the substantive is not expressed but understood ; e.g. e taea e te telcau te whakanehenehe ki holcorima can the ten contend with the fifty ? § 3. The simple numeral is mostly used in counting; e.g. tahi, rúa, toru, one, two, three, &c. Often, however, the verbal partióle ka is used in the same sense ; ka tahi, ka rúa, &e., it is one, there are two, &c. § 4. Ka, prefixed to the numeral, generally denotes the completion of a number ; toru enei maten ga oku i a koe, this is the third time I have leen ill-treated by you, i.e. this makes up the third, &c. § 5. A7 is a very frequent prefix of the numbers between one and ten. It difíers from ka in that it does not so distinctly imply the completion of, or the arriving at, a number, and that whereas ka will generally answer to the question, " How many have you counted, made," &c., e will be used in reply to "How many are there?" e.g. e hia ena kete? How

many baskets are those ? It would not, however, be generally correct to say, E hia ena kete oti ? It should be ha hia. Again, "Ahea koe hoki mai ai? Ka rúa aku wiki." When wïll yon, return f two weehs ' time. It should be hia rúa nga wiki. Note — This distinction, however, does not hold invariably. § 6. Kia. — For its uses, vide Verbal , page 138. § 7. Note. — The partióles i and hua are occasionally found prefìxed to the numeráis. ( Vide those partióles, pages 135-147.) § 8. The case and number following the numeral. — In most instances, up to one hundred, the numeral will require no possessive case after it ; e.g. a, ho mai ana e ratou, e ono nga kete, and they gave six baskets ; lit. they were given by them, there were (or are) six baskets. i x § 9. Beyond one hundred, however, a possessive case is very frequently employed ; e.g. ko tahi mano o nga tau, one thousand years. § 10. When the noun is in the oblique case, the numeral will generally follow it ; e.g. hei tapiri mo enei kete e wha — as an addition to these four baskets. When it is in the nominative, the numeral will most frequently precede ; e.g. e wha nga kete, there were four baskets. § 11. It will be noticed that tahi is sometimes postfìxed to other numeráis, and adjectives, without any variation of meaning; e g. e rima tahi, ñve; turituri tahi, what a noise ( you are making). Tahi will sometimes take a plural after it. Ko tahi ona hoa, one were his companions ; i.e. he had one companion. § 12. Sometimes, when it is desired emphatically to denote all the individuáis or items contained in a certain number, the number will be repeated ; e.g.

hokorima hokorima iho — -fifty fi the fifty were killed. E wha, wha mai ano, four me; bring the whole four. In one instance (viz. that of rúa) we have the fìrst syllable reduplieated to denote both ; e.g. e tika ruru ana ano, are both right. § 13. Sometiines, in Waikato, we meet with an ironical use of numeráis, corresponding to that in English, "six of one and half a dozen of the other e.g. e whitu waru atu ! they are seven eight other ! E ngari a Hone, e pai ana — e wha atu i a Pita ! he is four besides Peter ; i.e. he is not better than Peter. § 14. On-the Ordinaīs. — The student has seen (page 26) the three ways in which these may be formed. § 15. Thereare, however, some distinctions between tua and whaka , as prefìxes, which deserve to be noticed. (1) Tua is not frequently found prefixed, to numeráis beyond ten. (2) Occasionally, also, a critical inquirer will, we think, detect a difference in the meaning of the two partióles. Tua seems to denote the place that a thing, &e. occupies in a series or gradation ; whaka , a fraction which, being added, makes the integer. Thus, in announcing a text, we might say, 1 1 Kei te ono o nga upoko, kei te tuawha o nga rarangi," it is in the sixth chapter and fourth verse. We could not, however, say "Kei te whakawha o," &c. Again, a native will say, " Ko te tenei o nga whakatupuranga ka tae iho ki a koe ? Ko te tekau." What number of generations is this that reaches down to you ? Answer, the Here the generations are represented as following in a regular succession to the tenth. If the reply were "Ko te whakatok&VL tenei," we should understand that it is one, which, added to the other nine, will make it ten — a mode of expression which is sometimes substituted for the following : " ko te whakakapi

tenei o te tekau," this is one filis the place of the tenth. The word whakapu is often also used either to denote a tally (or surplus one), or the one whieh completes the number ; hei whakapu tenei mo aku riwai, this is a tally fov completes the fiull number of) my potatoes. Note.— In speaking of a tenth, or tithe, or property, we shouldprefer whakatekau to tuatekau, the former being a tenth, the latter an ordinal.

CHAPTER XVIII. SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUNS.

§ 1. The personal pronouns follow the verb ; e mea ana aìiau. § 2. They are often, also, omitted after it ; e.g. Ka tukua atu te purahorua, ka tae ki te pa, korerotia atu, Kia mohio i te taua e haere mai nei — na ka te whai e te pa. Na wai i haere, a : ka tae ki nga whakatakoto ; ka pau te huaki, ka tangi te patu, ka whati tera, te pa ; the messenger sent (he) at the pa, (it) ts told (them), be o (your) guard the hostile party (which) is ap , so the pa pursued. On then (they) proceeded, tiīl (they) carne to the ambush, the assault is , the blow that flies, the pa. Sometimes, in Waikato, they are redundant ; e.g. kei te kai taro mana, he is eating bread for himself. Examples, however, of this construction are not varied or frequent. In Waikato the personal and possessive pronouns will frequently take the partióle nge before them, but without any variation of meaning. § 3. It was observed (page 28) that there is no word in Maori to denote the pronoun Oecasionally, however, that word will be designated by ia and its branches; e.g. waiho mana e rapu atu te tahi huarahi mona, let it ( the axe) search out a path for itself. This, perhaps, should be explained by prosopopoeia. Sometimos, also, we hear the following : te paraoa raua ko te poaka, flour and por nga toki ki a ratou whakatoki, nga kakahu ki a ratou whakakakahu, axes by themselves, garments by themselves. § 4. Often the singular and dual of the personal

pronouns will be employed to denote a whole tribe or company ; e.g. naìcu tena, na te Urioteoro, , the Urioteoro1 8 ; i.e. the property of my tribe. Keihea taua ? where are we tico i.e. where is our party ? ko ta maua ki tena, ta te tangata Maori, that is a phrase of us (two) of the New , i.e. of the New Zealanders. Note. — This form is also often used when the speaker wishes to propound some remark which would appear harsh if too personal ; e.g. he aha kei a maua ko Hone ? what is witli me anã John ì i.e. oh, never mind John ; of what importance is heP § 5. A pronoun in the singular will often be made to refer to a noun in the plural ; ko nga tangata tenei nana nga tikaokao, this are his are the fowls ; nga tangata nona te kainga, the men his is the ment, i.e. whose is, &c., nga tangata nana i patu, the men his ivas the having strucìc; i.e. who struck. Tenei matón te noho atu nei, ìs we, who sitting toivards you. § 6. It is a very common thing in Maori to put into the third person a pronoun which has reíerence to either the fìrst or second ; e.g. hei rama aha ? tana koke noa atu — nana tana rakau, a light, for what parpóse? his stumbling away — his is own stick, i.e. " What do I want of light? I can stumble out my way — I am accustomed to that kind of work ; " ko te rangi mahi kai tenei ma tona tinana, this is the day for procuring food for his hoãy ; i.e. for ourselves ; kei tena tangata pea, it rests perhaps with that individual ; i.e. with you; tona tangata kaha ko koe, you are his strong man ; i.e. what a very strong man you are (ironically) ; haere korua, e Hone, raua ko Hemi, go you (two) John, they two and James ; i.e. go you and James. This last form is, perhaps, peculiar to the "Waikato district. § 7. When two or more individuáis are connected

in Englisli by the conjunction and, they will very frequently be denoted by the dual or plural of the personal pronoun of the more worthy person. For example, he and I are denoted by maua ; you and Jane , korua ko Heni ; John and James by Hone raua ko Hemi ; John, James, and Luke by Hone, ko Hemi, ko Kuka. In this construction the latter noun will he in the nominative, even though the preceding be in an oblique case ; te atawhai 0 te Atua, rana ko tana tamaiti, ko , the rnercy of Glod and His Son Jesús Christ. Here, though Atua is in the possessive case, raua and tamaiti, and Ihu Karaiti are in the nominative. This strange, though in Maori very common, mode of construction cannot, we believe, he explained in any other way than by an epanorthosis. § 8. The noun belonging to the pronoun is often omitted, especially in talking of garments ; e.g. keihea toku ? Where is mine ? i.e. my garment. Tikina atu te tahi ki a koe, fetch some for you; i.e. fetch some garment. Ko wai toku ? Who is mine ? — i.e. my helper. § 9. The Reìative Pronouns. — Following are some of the ways in which the defect of the relative pronoun is supplied in Maori : (1) Te tangata nana nga kakano, the man whose are the seeds ; (2) te tangata 1 nga kakano, ídem ; (3) te tangata i patu nei i a Hone, the man {who) struck John ; or (4) te tangata i patua ai, {by whom , on account of he was beaten ; (5) Keihea, he poraka hei to i te rakau ? where is there a bloch ( with ) to drag the log ? (6) Keihea he ha arenga ? where is there a place on which they {the cows) may (7) Ko tenei toku i mate nui ai, this is mine desired, i.e. this is what I wished for ; (8) Te poaka i patua e koe, the pïg (i which ) was Icilled by you; (9) reirá te pakaru, hei reirá te paru, you must coat (with raupo) all varis of the house that are broken.

It will be seen in the preceding examples tbat tbe most common means by which the want of the relative is supplied are by the preposition, as in example 2 ; (2) by the partióles nei, &c., and as in examples 3 and 4 ; (3) by the yerbal noun, as in examples 5 and 6 ; (4) by the possessive case with as in example 7 ; (5) by the passive voice, as in example 8. Occasionall}7, also, the personal pronouns, as in example 1, or the adverb reir as in example 9, &c., are used for the same purpose. § 10. Demonstrative Pronouns. — (1) These, like the primitive pronouns of Hebrew, are often used for the verb of existence ; (2) and the time will frequently be denoted by the pronoun used ; i.e. tenei will mostly be used for the present tense ; tena, and most frequently tera, for the future or past, and sometimos for the imperative mood ; e.g. e haere ana tenei ahau, this I am going ; i.e. I am going ; tenei au, tera e mate, that will ãie ; i.e. he will die; tena taku pu mana mai, that my gun here ; i.e. bring my gun. The leading distinctions between tenei, tena, and tera, and also the distinction between them and their resolved forms — te, nei, &c. — have been mentioned (page 30). Instances, however, are not rare, in which those distinctions seem to be disregarded ; and others will occur which it will require some experience and ingenuity to classify ; e.g. I te po nei implies that it has been already dark for some time ; i tenei po may mean the night of this day. In the following : Kei hea te awa nei ? ( where is the channel that we are seehing for ?) it is clear tenei could not be employed. (2) Sometimos only nei will be admitted into connection with the fìrst person {i.e. when the speaker is denoted as the person looking at the object spoken of), and na into connection with the second person. Ra has for the most part a vague or general applica-

tion.*f Thus, a person calling to a settlement will sa}r, Kahore he tangata i te kainga nei? there one at tìiat settlement (at which I am looking) ? If addressing anotker who belongs to, or has seen, the settlement, he will say, I te kainga na (or ra) at the settlement which you see there, or to which you &c. Again : Keihea nga kan? where are the cows? kei kona ano, they are there near you. If he had said, kei ko, we should have understood him to mean, " they are ofï, away, in that direction ; " na leona mai, come hy that direct path, in ivhich you are ; na mai, come by that circuitous one away there. (3) Nei, &c., in composition will frequentìy supply the place of the relative ; e.g. te taua i muru nei i a Hone. (4) Sometimes they will imply a conjunction, or will otherwise limit the sentence in which they occur, by implying a connection with a previous sentence or thing. Thus, kahore au i pai means I am not willing ; kahore nei ahau i pai will mean the reason was because I was not icilling , or you know I was , &c. &c. Again : I a koutou e tatari ana will denote a mere general remark, while you are waiting I a koutou e tatari nei denotes ivhile you are thus continumg to icait ; te wahine i whakarerea, the woman who was divorced\ te wahine i whakarerea nei (or ra) the icoman who was divorced under these (or those) particular or on that particular occasion , &c. &c. The Interrogative Pronouns. — and aha are often used to add intensity ; ma wai e noho, e au ? that I should remain is for whom? i.e. I won't remain. Ko wai hoki ka kite i te hoenga o tenei taua, maua nei ? who saw the departure of this hostile , toe two ? i.e. we did not at all see this party's departure

* For ra as an adverbial partióle, vide page 90.

to fìght with yon. Hei aha ma ¡purpoze is it, for whom? i.e. what good at all is that for? Kahore i rongo, kahore i ata, he not he did not what ; i.e. he did not at all listen. Kaliore aku kupu, me he aha , me he aha, I did not utter a word, if a ' what , if a what ; i.e . I did not at all speak. Ka hua ahau he aha , I thought it was a what ; i.e. I imagined it was something very important yon were going to talk about. Sometimes a personal prononn will be associated with an interrogative ; e.g. ko wai hoki taua ka kite atu ? who , we two, can see it ? i.e. who knows ?

CHAPTER XIX. SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

Of the Verbal Partióles. — The consideration of the verbal partióles, and of the other means by which a verb is modified in Maori, has been reserved for the Syntax, chiefly because the investigation of those subjeets will involve also that of compound propositions, and of other constructions which belong to this part of grammar. E ( a ) is sometimes nsed for the present ; e.g. e noho mai, he is sitting there cióse at hand. (h) Most freqnently it is joined with nei, &e.; e.g. e riri nei, who is angry with me, &c. (o) It is sometimes used to denote the future ; e.g. ko wai ma e haere ? who will g o ? He tokomaha e mate, many will die. (d) It is chiefly employed to denote contingency, or some future act on which something else depends ; e.g. e riri ia, if he be angry ; e tae mai a Hone tonoa ake, if John comes here, send him after me ; e hau, if there be a wind. There is a difference between e and as partióles of the future, ka being of much more extensive use ; i.e. being used with all persons, and in all senses, whether absolute or contingent (vide ka). There are, however, some constructions in which e is always preferred — chiefly, we believe, when the verb is preceded by some word with which it is in connection ; i.e. when it is preceded by the negative adverb kore, and sometimes kahore e.g. ka kore e pai, if he is not willing ; kahore e tangi, she ãid at all erg. By the preposition ma ; e.g. ma wai e hanga who is to huild it ì and by no (sometimes), nohea e wera ì whence, i.e. why should it take jire ? By the pronouns tera and ehea ; e.g. tera e mate, he will die, perhaps ; ko ehea e patua which are to be

killed ? By the noun or pronoun in the possessive case (sometimes) ; e.g. taku e pai ai, that which I lie aha tau e toke ? what are you importuning about? By taihoa and taña ; e.g. taihoa e haere wait going ; i.e. dorì gofor a N.B. — For tlie distinction between e and ka, when prefixed to numeráis, viãe Numeráis, cbap. xvii., § 5, page 122. ( e ) For e, as prefixed to tlie imperativo mood, page 38 ( b ). It is generally omitted in that mood wlien tlie verb is followed by mai, , iho, &c. Ana is a partióle corresponding in many particulars witli ha. It is most frequently employed, bowever, in the continuation of a narrativo, and does not often, except in abrupt and animated discourse, occupy a place in tbe leading clause of tbe sentence. The following examples illustrate this last remark : — Ki te kahore e homai, ina haere ana ahau, ka riro, if it is not giren , certainly going I will depart ; ko nga tangata o Taranaki, aia ana e matou ki te maunga, the men of Taranaki , driven were they by us to the mountain. It will be seen that the verb preceding the partióle in the above clauses gives a larger measure of emphasis than if another word had gone before it. In such animated sentences as the above the speaker will generally prefer ana to any other verbal partióle. But another leading use of ana is to denote a continuance of action. The following extract from a translation of the first eight chapters of Génesis, made some years since by the church missionaries, will serve as an illustration of this, and our other remarks on this partióle. We may add that, though we suggest a few trifling alterations in the part quoted, yet, considering the time in which it was made, it is very creditable to the Maori knowledge of the translators. Cb. i., y. 1. I te orokomeatanga i hanga e te Atua te rangi me te whenua. 2. A kihai i whai abua te whenua, i takoto kau ; a ngaro ana i te pouri te mata o te bohonu. Haerere ana te Wairua o te Atua ki runga ki te mata o nga wai.

3. Mea ana te Atua, Kia marama ; a kaa raarama. 4. A kite ana te Atua i te marama, pai ana ; wehea ana e te Atua te marama i te pouri. 5. A huaina ana e te Atua te marama, hei ao. In the fìrst verse ana can liave no place ; it would give an nnpleasant jerk, as well as tlie appearance of levity, to a commencement so metliodical and dignifìed. Our translators, therefore, with good taste, employed i : I te timatanga i lianga, &c. In the second verse, however, in the clause commencing a ngaro , &c., it is very correctly used; because there is a cióse connection between that clause and the one preceding. In the third verse it is, we think, injudiciously used, because a new subject is now commenced. We should, therefore, have peferred na ka. mea te Atua. So also in the commencement of the fourth verse, hite ana te Atua i te marama, pai ana. We should prefer A ha kite, &c. Pai ana is, we think, objectionable. It is too abrupt. and unconnected, and makes the pai refer to the atua rather than to pai , perhaps, or he mea pai , would be preferable. E-ana is strictly the sign of the present tense ; kai , he is eating. Sometimes, when it follows a past time, its meaning will also be past ; as may be seen in our remarks ou ana ( vide also our remarks on compound sentences, page 37). Ka is a partióle of very extensivo use. It is sometimes employed to denote the present tense ; e.g. ka pai, it is good. It is the partióle most frequently used in historie presents. It is very frequently used to denote future events, and is often employed in hypothetic or contingent propositions ; e.g. ha mate koe i a au, you will he killed me ; ha haere ahau, ha riri a Hone, if I go , John will he angry. Note. — Ka, as a partióle of the present, will often differ in meaning from e, ana. For example, ka tere te waka may signify the carne will ãrift, or that it deifts ; e tere ana, that it is ärifting.

For the distinction between and Occasionally ka is followed by e.g. Ka te arai taku ahi e koe. /, a partióle of tbe past time ( kua, ). (a) Sometimes, bowever, it is employed to denote the present ; e.g. koia i riri for that cause is he angry ? na te aha koe i tobe ai kia haere, why do you persist in going ? Ka taki ano te banganga i pai, this house fwhich I am now roofing ) now for the first time properly done. (b) Sometimes i is employed where contingency is designed ; e g. be aba koa i pono be titaha, be titaba ; i pono be bate, be bate, well, it wonH signify ; if an axe happens to be (my paymentj let is so happen (lit. let it be an axe). If a , Ka wbiua te tabi wahi ki tabaki, bei wbakabere i tona Atua, I whiua ranei ki te wabi tapu ranei ; wbiua ranei ki te wabi noa ranei, he throws a portion to one side as an ojfering to his God. It may have been thrown (i.e. it matters not wbetber it is tbrown) upon a sacred spot , or upon a spot not Kua , tbe sign of tbe past tense ; e.g. kua korero atu abau ki a ai, I have spoken to (a) Tbe leading distinction between kua and i is. we believe, that kua is unlimited (i.e. will not admit of limitation) and i limited in construction ; and tbat tbe former, wben it precedes in tbe sentence, will be often íound to correspond to tbe perfect, tbe latter to tbe imperfect of Englisb; kua kitea te mea kimihia e koe? has the thing been found that was sought for by you ? Kua ora koe ? Kabore, I ora ano au ; a, boki mai ana te mate ; you recovered JYo, I did recocer , but the sichiess has returned. N.B. — It would, however, be very ineorrect to affirm, as have some good Maori scholars, that kua always corresponds to the perfect, and i to the imperfect.

In accordance with the preceding remarks, it may be observed — (1) That kua is seldom used when the verb is preceded by the caus , time, or other qualifying circumstance of the action ; i.e. when the verb is followed by ai. For example, we might say patua, he was hilled ; but we could not say, te take kua patua ai, the cause for which he ivas killed ; neither would it be correct to say, koia kua riri ai ia, for that cause was he angry. (2) It will also, we believe, be found that, in secondary clauses, in which the relativo is understood, i obtains a much more general use than kua. For example : In the following sentence — 11 Enei mea kua korerotia e koutou," we should prefer i korerotia. (3) Kua will seldom, when denoting the perfect or imperfect tenses, be found associated with the partióle ko ; e.g. we very seldom hear ko Hone kua haere, it was John who went. In the following sentence we disapprove of the use of both of these partióles — E pai ana matou ki a ia, no te mea ko ia kua atawhai mai ki a matou, we love , hecause he was kind to us. We should have preferred mona i atawhai, &c.* (4) When a preposition immediately precedes, kua will seldom be employed ; e.g. nonahea

* It is true that when kua represents the pluperfect, or the priority of one action to another, it may be frequently found in connection with But this, we think, is a further confirmation of the distinction for which we contend. For the expression "he had loved is clearly more definite than " he loved us," the former implying that affection had been entertained before some past act —the latter simply affirming that it was entertained, without reference to any date. Ko we defined as the article of specification and emphasis, and it is quite natural that it should be associated with a perfect to denote a pluperfect, its office, in such a construction, being to point out the individual who may be emphatically said to have performed the act— whose was the act which was antecedent, or past. The sentence "ko ia kua atawhai" means, he is the per son who kind. This emphatic use of the word ko has been already illustrated under the head of Comparison, Adjectives : the sentence, " ko tenei te nui o nga rakau," meaning, this is the large one of the ; this is the one of which we may (emphatically) say, It is large. So, also, in the following : "akuanei ko Hone kua tae," the meaning is, presently it will be John who (emphatically) has got there; i.e. John will have got there first.

i mate ai, since what time , or at what time he die ? Nana ano i kaere noa mai, he carne of himself. (5) Kua i s never used after tlie negatiye adverbs kakore, kikai, and kiano ; e.g. kakore akau i rongo, I have not heard ; kiano i mate noa, he has not yet died. (6) Tke following, al so, are constructions in wkick hua will be found to give place to i : — Me koutou koki i wkakarere i to koutou. kainga, as ye left your country ; me i kakore koe, if it had not you, In tke following constructions, kowever, hua is prefixed : — Penei hua ora, in that case he wouīd have lived ; ano hua mate, as if he were me te mea hua warukia, as if it had heen ; me i kakore koe hua mate au, if it had not heen for , I should have died. In tke following, kowever, i is preferred : — Me i kakore koe i ora ai akau, if it had not heen for you, ( the cause) why I was saved ; i.e. I skould kave been lost but for you. (h) Kua is sometimes employed wkere a present would be used in Englisk; e.g. hua mate, he is dead; hua po, it is darh, or is past sunset ; hua riro, he is gone. ( c ) In animated narrations of past events, hua is sometimes employed to give variety ; e.g. te taenga atu o Hone, hua mau ki te kamanu, e tatúa ana, te tino kaerenga, so John goes, he has tahen cartouch , (he) is girding it on ; the instant marching. (d) Sometimes, also, wken tke speaker wiskes to convey tke idea of a certain and speedy accompliskment, ke will (as did tke Hebrews) employ tke past tense ; e.g. E pa, ke aka i kaiponukia ai to waru ? hua wkakakokia mai apopo, Fath , why do you withhold your ¡plañe ? It will stjrely he returned to you to-morrow;

E hoa, reia atu : kua hoki mai koe, , and ( tell theìri) you will be baek ( quite time enougK) ; © noho ana tenei ; kua pata iho te ua, e rere ana ki roto ki te w liare, tve are sittìng her , , as soon as it rains, we run into tìie house ( e ) Kna is often prefìxed to denote an action which is to take place, or has taken place previous to something else, in which latter use it will sometimes correspond to the pluperfect of English ; e.g. I a koe kua riro, after you liad gone. Mo te ara rawa ake kua maoa, that , exactly as he it may have been cooked; i.e. it may be cooked against he awakes. Me i noho kua wha na rakau e toia, if I had , four logs would have been dragged. Akuanei mau nga riwai kua kainga, presently, the potatoes have been jirst eaten will be yours ; i e. your crop will be the soonest ripe. Huatu ko tena kua ngakia, no, but let that be first dug. Vide our remarks on ko, when associated with kua (note to a, 3, page 135). Note. — The sfcudent will see, in the above examples, that kua, when employed in this sense, will often etiter into combinations which would not be admitted under other tenses. KIA. — This partióle has been already considered, as far as it is connected with the imperativo mood (vide page 38). There are, however, other uses of it, which are both varied and important. (a) It may, in asking a question, be used for the f uture ; e.g. Kia haere ahau ? Ne ? Shall I go shall I? (b) It may also be found where a hypothetic statement is made, or an expectation, or other reference to some f uture event, is implied — a use in which it will sometimes be found to correspond to the second future indicative and perfect potential of

«f English ; e.g. E noho ki konei ; hoki mai ra ano ahau, stop here until 1 shall Tiave returned ; Kia titiro atu matou, ka patua to matou hoa, hei reirá ka whakatika atu matou, let us ( if we had but seen) Jiirn strike our friend, should have risen ; me noho kia ora, ka haere — you had hetter remain, and when you are w e hoe katoa ana ratou, kia oti te waka o Nini, are att going ichen JVini's canoe is Jinished; I raro ahau e whakarongo mai ana, kia mate , kia mate, a ka ora noa ano — 1 was at the northward waiting for news here of his death, hut he has recovered. (ó) Often, when intensity of , doubt, &c. is intended, it will be used instead of the proper partióles of the present, past, and future : e.g. horo rawa kia tika, hy no means is it correct ; kahore kia kotahi, not even one ; ko au kia mate, ko ia ora ? must I {hy jeeding this pìg) starve , while he has food? kahore ano kia haere noa ! not yet gone ! (2) It is often found, also, in exciamations of wonder ; e.g. Kia nui ! IIow lar ge ! (3) In the same sense, also, it is used where an infìnitive would be employed in the learned languages; particularly where contempt , , &c., are denoted; e.g. Kia whakarongo atu ahau ki o korero hei aha ? why should I listen to y our talk ? lit. that I should listen to your talk is for what ? Kia ho atu taku poaka mo tena ! that I should give my pig for that i.e. I will not give it. (d) Kia is frequently employed to denote the infìnitive ; e.g. haere kia kite, go to see. ?) It will also be employed when the latter verb is an amplifìcation of the meaning of a preceding one ; e.g. Ahea hanga ai tou whare, kia oti ? When will your house he huilt, that it may he fnished ? Te tangata e whiuwhiu ana i ana tikaokao, kia wawe te mate! The man who îs pelting his fowls that they

% may le soon ãead ! Tanutanu rawa ngaro — lury, hury deep , that it may le concealed (a song'). Whiua, leía mamae, leat it that it may le pained ; na koutou i aki ni ai hia tata, it ivas you who forward so as to le near. Note. — There is a distinction between and ki te, when prefixed to a verb in the infinitive, which should be noticed. Kia is, excepting in the aforesaid exceptional cases, seldom prefixed to a verb in the active voice — te almost always ; e.g. Haere ki te to i te waka. "We could not say kia to. (2) Kia is almost always prefixed to the passive verb, hi te very seldom ; e.g. Tikina atu hia tirohia is fetch it to le seen. Tikina atu hi te ti tiro is fetch to looh at it. The following sentence is erroneous : — Arahina hi te patu, led to le killed. It should be kia patua, or e arahina ana e patua ana. Sometimes, before neuter verbs, either hia or hi te will be employed; e.g. I mea ahau kia (or ki te), haere Verbs following adjectives, by which ability, , &c. are denoted, will take hi te ; e.g. uaua hi te mahi, strong to work ; e kino hi te tahae, is at thieving. Between the uses of hia and ki te there may be often a very material difference ; e.g. e riri ana ki te atu noho means that he is angry at the stopping , i.e. that he wishes for war ; e riri ana kia ata noho, means that he is repressing ( ) that they may stop guiet ; ka tohe ki a maua waru i te kai i te ra tapu, they pressed us to scrape food on the Sunday. If it had been, Ka tohe ki te waru, &c., the speaker would have implied that they (the persons toheing) persisted in scraping , &e. Some foreigners seem remarkably careless in the use of this partióle. We subjoin a few instances in which it has been omitted, or introduced erroneously. Ko tana hanga hia korero, custom was to speah, &c. ;

it should be he horero. E kore ahau e ahei kia mea atu; it should be ahei te mea atu. Ko te aroha e whakahauhau ana i te tangata hei mahi ; it should be Jci te mahi. Whakatika hei patu ; it should be whakatika Jci te patu, or whakatika atu, It may be here observed that (1) some verbs have a partiality for certain partióles ; hua noa ahau, or lea hua ahau, I thought ; e kore e ahei te patu. (2) Some verbs very rarely take any verbal partióle into connection with them. Of this sort are heoi, or heoti, kati, taihoa, penei (in that case), and, sometimes, rokohanga, or rokohina. (3) Many constructions will be met with in which the verbal partióle is omitted. (a) A common adverb of quantity or quality following the verb will often cause the verbal partióle to be dispensed with. It is also omitted in constructions like the following : — meake haere ; whano mate ; kei te ata haere ai ; taihoa maua haere atu ; while, on the other hand, we hear taihoa e haere, &c. (c) In animated discourse, the common verb will sometimes be used without any kind of auxiliary, e.g. kaiponu noa ia, kaiponu noa, tangohia e au — withhold it, withhold it as he yet I took it away. AI. — Some Maoris introduce this partióle into sentences in which others would omit it. Those instances, however, may, we believe, be reduced to one elass, viz., to that in which ai is used in connection with kia. When kia is prefìxed to a verb which is merely an explanation, or some other enlargement of the meaning of a preceding one, it will seldom take ai af ter it ; as may be seen in our examples of kia (rules d and But when the intention, cause, &c. are to be specifìcally denoted, then ai will be used. Thus, in the following sentence : haere kia kite, go to see, kite is a plainly natural eíïect of haere, and ai, therefore, is

omitted. If, bowever, some unusual act is to be done that be might see, tben ai, most probably, would be employed ; tbus, e piki ki runga ki te rakau kia kite ai koe, climì) up the tree that you may Tbe distinction is tbe same as tbat between tbe two folio wing in Englisb: — go and see; climb that you may see. Again, in tbe last example of kia (rule e, 140), na koutou i aki mai kia tata, ' ' nearness " is a natural efïect of "pressing forward," even tbougb tbey bad no specific intention of being near ; ai, tberefore, is not used. If, bowever, tbe speaker wisbed to say ye forward that I might he angry, be would employ ai : kia riri ai abau ; because bere we bave two acts, not necessarily connected, and one specifìcally performed to produce tbe otber. A wrong use of tbis partióle may often seriously misrepresent tbe meaning of tbe speaker. For example, if we were to say, E inoi ana abau kia murua ai oku bara, we sbould mean, I pray that (in consideration of my prayer) my sins may he Prayer, bere, is made tbe immediate and effective means by wbicb tbis end is obtained. If a native were to say, •"E inoi ana abau kia bomai tetabi paraikete," absurd as would be tbe remark, it would mean tbat tbe blanket is to be given to bim, not as a favour, or as due on otber grounds, but simply as a reward for his asking. Tbe Bible tells us of anotber consideration, by wbicb pardon is obtained, and prayer answered ; and, tberefore, in sucb passages as tbe above, we must carefully abstain from ai. Koia nga tamariki a Hono i baere tabi me ratou ; it sbould be i baere tabi ai. E kore ia e poka ke i tana i mea. It sbould be i mea ai ; te tangata i be ai, tbe man wbo bad committed tbe ofïence. In Waikato tbis will mean, the man through lohom they had erred; it sbould bave been, te tangata nona te he. ( a ) WhaTca, — Tbe leading property of tbis partióle

is causative ; e.g. tu is to stand, whakatu is to cause to stand ( vide etiam, page 48, under pai, kau, and kakahu, and Syntax of Numbers, under Ordinals, 124.) Note. — In this use of it adjectives and neuter verbs will be converted into active verbs ; e.g. toe, he left whakatoe to put hy as a leaving ; e.g. whakatoea, etabi ma mea ma, put hy some for our friends. In tbe following example tbe adjective is made improperly to retain the form of a neuter verb : be mea i te hau, a tlúng blasted hy the winã. Its meaning, as it stands, is, a thing that ãestroys the winã. Considerable variety may sometimes be found in the nature of the causation implied by this prefìx. Thus, puru, to cork ( hottle, §c.) Whakapurua nga pounamu, to stow, or pack straw, §c., hetween ) them. Waha, to carry on the whakawaha, to take up the load on the hack ; e.g. waiho atu e au e whakawaha ana, as I carne away they were loading themselves with their hurdens. (b) Sometimes it will imply the , or the being lilce to, or the feigning, or the root to which it is prefixed. Frequently, also, it will indícate an origin, or propriety in the root ; e.g. Kei te whakavrsgsà a Hone i roto i te rúa, John is malting himself potatoes, i.e. (is occupying the place of) in the rúa (or potato house) ; ka po, ka whalca&ïii ; ka awatea ka wAaÃakapua, at night it became a Jire, by day it a cloud ; kia wA^atangata, to act a man; ka riro, ka whaka- Hone ki te wai, he will be off, and become lilce John in the water ; i.e. will be drowned as John was ; he kupu w,7n//t-rt-te-Kanaua, speech made by Kanaua ; i.e. in his style ; he tangata ivhaJea-lts gapulii, a per son belonging to, or that frequently visits Ngapuhi ; he aha kei to tatou hoa ? Kahore pea. E wha1eam&tQm.ū.te noa iho ana, kia kiia e mate ana, What is the matter with our friend? Nothing at all. lie is feigning sicleness, that he may be regarded as unwe (c) Sometimes it will denote reciprocity ; e.g. ko

ratón whalcar&toM hoki, he is one of themselves. (d) Sometimes it will denote an action either incentive or gradually declining ; e.g. e ana te tai, the tide is beginning to get fuīl ; e mohemo ana, he is sinking ; i.e. is on the point of death. (e) Sometimes it will denote towards page 69). (/) Occasionally it will indicate some action corresponding to the sense of the root ; e.g. ka ahiahi ratón, they aet at sunset; i.e. they wait for sunset to make their assanlt. The other Auxiliaries of the Verb. — These, it has been already observed, are adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and the articles he and placed in connection with the verb. We proceed to make a few remarks npon them, and some other forms which the Maori verb occasionally assumes. On the Adverbs as Auxiliaries. — These chiefly are the adverbs of intensity and negation ; we may add, also, the partióles atu, mai, ake, iho. The adverbs of intensity, as well as the last mentioned partióles, will frequently lose their distinctive forcé, and either in some way modify the meaning — i.e. denote rapidity and certainty of ejfect, or connection of events, &c. — or be redundant. The following examples will, it is hoped, suífìciently illustrate their nse : — Te whakaarahanga ake o te ra, tahnri tonu iho , the pntting up of the sail forthwith was it upset ', akuanei, ahiahi ka tata ta maua te oti, presently by sunset ours will be near being fnished ; mo te ara rawa alce o nga tamariki kna maoa, that exactly as the children awake it may have been coolced; i.e. it may be coolced before they kahore, ha, he kainga ; Itainga* rawa atu ki Waitoke, oh, there is no settlement (in the interval) ; the nearest

* The student will see in this and the other examples that the noun, as is very usual in Maori, assumes the form^ of a verb. To transíate literally such verbs into English is often impossible.

setilement is TTaitoke; tia rawa ki te raukura, pañi rawa ki te kokowai, he hraided his hair ivith feathers > and hesmeared himself ivith red oehre ; te tino liaereiiga, so on they started. N.B. — Between noa ake and noa atu a distinction will sometióles be found, not unlike that which obtains between the perfect and imperfeet of English. Noa alce will generally convey an allusion to some date, either present or past ; noa atu will most frequently refer to tbe past, without any sucb allusion, e.g. kua mate, noa ake¡ he has been ãead this some time ; kua mate noa atu , he ãied a long time ago ; kua maoa, noa ake te kai, the food has been this long time cooked ; kua maoa noa atu , it ivas cooked a long time ago ; kua mate noa ake i reirá, he had been dead then some time ; kua mate noa atu i reirá, he had been dead a long time previous to that date . For further illustrations of tlie adverbs as auxiliarles tiie student is referred to chapter ix. For the negativo adverbs, as employed with the verb, next chapter. Of the Prepositions. — The use of these as auxiliarías is to supply the place of the verb substantive when no verb is expressed in the sentence ; e.g. naku tenei, this is mine ; Tcei hea , where is it ? a au i runga, when at the southward. The tenses they denote, and those also which they admit af ter them, have been mentioned (chapter viii). Other notices respecting them will be found in the next chapter.*

* Following is a connected view of some of the principal means by which the defect of the substantive verb is si¿£>plied or ¿mplied, in Maori : He kuri tenei, this is a dog. Tenei a Hone, This is J ohn. Tika rawa, it is very corred. Ki te ivhai han i te po nei, if there be wind in the night, &c. Ki te wa han, &c., idem. Ka ai au hei kianga mai mau, I am for an or dering for yon , i.e. you find in me one that will obey, &c. Waiho , and sometimes meingay are often used instead of ai. E ai ki tana, it is ac~ cording to his , i.e., as he affirms. The following forms are worthy of notice : Rokohanga rawatanga atu e ahau ko Raiana ! on my reaching (that place) there was Lion ! rokohanga atu, ko tetahi tangata o Taupo i Maungatautari e noho ana, when I got ( there) there was a man of, ¿se. Taku hoenga ki roto, ko te waka o Hone, as I was paddling up the river, lo ! there ivas the canoe of John , ¿se. Some, we observe, use tera taua for this form. We have never'heard it in Waikato ; hei te pera me tou, let it be liìce yours. Kaua hei pera, Don't say so.

Verbs which assume the form noun. — It has been already observed that Maori inclines to the substantive form. That such is only natural will be obvious to anyone who will reflect that it is more easy for an unpolished mind to conceive of things as existences, thau to trace them through the various modifications of act denoted in a verb. In many instances, indeed, a New Zealander is compelled to adopt this form, in consequence of the Maori verb not supplying any satisfactory form for the infinitive mood and the participles That these two parts of speech strongly partake of the nature of a noun is well known ; and we may, therefore, be prepared to fìnd the forms for denoting them in Maori exhibit a mixed character — i.e. to be a kind of compound of the verb and the noun. It may be aclded, also, that, as in some Latin authors, the infinitive mood is often used for the finí te verb,* so also, in Maori, will the verbal noun, especially when a brief and animated mode of diction is desired, be found very frequently to occupy the place of the verb. The following examples illustrate the various modes in which the Maori verb adopts the substantive form. The student will observe that even passive verbs will submit to the same operation, and receive the sign of the substantive (viz. the article) before them ; c.g. Tenei au te tu atu nei, here am I the stanãing towarãs ( you ); he kainga hou te nei, a nevo country is the being sought, i.e. is what we are seeking for ; ko koe te korerotia nei, it is you who are tlie talked about ; he noho aha tau ? what are you sitting for ? kua oti te keri , it is finished, the being dug ; ka

* It will also be recolleeted that the gerunds and participles will, in that language, often subserve the same office. Thus we have 4 'ante domandum," before theyare tamed , "urit videndo," he burns when he loolcs ; "cum Epicurus voluptate metiens summum bonum," whereas JSpicnriis , ivho measures the chief good by pleasure.

tata ahau te patua e koe, I arn near the beaten you ; he mohio koe; are yo a i.e. do you know anything about it ? The following are examples of the verbal noun as used for the finite verb : — Me he mea Ico te tanga o to matou waka, if it had been the leaving of our canoe , i.e. if our canoe had been left to us ; kei riri mai ia ki te kai; te taunga iho — ko ia, ko tana waka, lest he ( the GodJ be angry at the food ( having been given ) — the alighting {apon the priest), i.e. and should then light npon him, &c. ; haere atu ana a Roña ki te kawe wai, Ka pouri. Te kanganga ki te marama. Te tino tikinga iho nei, ka tae ki a Roña, Roña (the man in the moon) goes to fetch water. It is dark. The cursing at the moon. The instant down to him , Sfc., i.e. he cursed at the moon, and she, in anger, carne down to him. Note. — More examples of this very animated mode of narration might be easily adduced. The student will fìnd several others scattered throughout this work. "We may observe, also, that the very frequent use of this form by the natives constitutes one remarkable feature by wbich the language, as spoken by him, differs from that spoken by the foreigner. As a further illustration of the way in which predication in Maori is sometimes performed by the substantive, the following forms may be mentioned : — JELe mea whakamaori no te reo pakeha, a thing translated from the foreigner' s tongue , i it was translated from, &c. Na Hone tenei, he mea ho atu na Pita — is John' s ; it was presented to him by Rita : lit. it was a thing presented, &c. Akuanei, he noho atu te otinga, presently a remaining away wül be the end1 i.e. (we shall find that) he will remain away. It should be also noted that the following verbs always take the substantive form after them, viz. hohoro, oti, hei and ahei, pau, taea, tau, timata, heoi,

ano, kati, poto ; e.g. timata , commence to ; kati te tahae , stop thieving , Sfc Note. — These verbs, it would appear, deserve most justly the appellation of " auxiliarles " — lst, as they are real verbs; and, 2nd, as by their help we can approximate to many forms of the verb in other languages. For example, kua oti tiki, mai, has been fetched henee ; e kore e ahei te , cannot ãivulge. The use of the verbal noun, it would appear, is very prevalent in Oriental languages Lee, "Heb. Gram.," second edition, pp. 75 and 76, and Carey's "Gram. of the Burman ; " also Humboldt, " On the Chinese," as there quoted). The following forro, however, will often be found in Maori to supersede it. A noun or pronoun in the oblique case will frequently, in Maori, take the fìnite verb after it;# e.g. e whakapono ana ahau ki a ia i mate í a Ponotio Pirato. The expression " ki tana hekenga atu ki te reinga " is precisely the same as "ki a ia i heke atu ki," &c. Again, Nohu i haere mai nei, sin ce I arrived here : lit. from or of me (I mean) carne here ; ko te rúa tenei o nga wika o Hone , i holci ai, this is the second weeh since John returned : lit. this is the second weele of John (I mean returned) i a ia e ngaro , whilst he is hid; mo ratou kahore i rongo , be they would not obey : lit. for them (I mean) their not having obeyed. Often, also, a noun which in English would be in the nominative will, in Maori, be converted into the possessive, the verb following as in the preceding rule ;

* This is an exception to what we find in English and other languages, the fìnite verb in them being very seldom found after an oblique case, i.e., after any case besides the nominative, unless the relative, or the personal pronoun, with some conjunction, intervene. We may observe, also, that the verbal particles will be often prefixed to other words besides the verb ; e.g. , E kore koe e pai ti a mau e hanga ? Are not willing that you shouíd do it ? Kia mou ai te kianga, that the land should be

e.g. naìcu i patu , I símele : lit. was mine (I mean) the having strucJc it ; maku e , I will speak : lit. it will be for me (I mean) the sp It was most probably through ignorance of tbis and the preceding rule that some good Maori speakers have adopted the following ver y unsatisfactory analysis of the two last examples : — " Naku i patu," they would transíate, it by me; "maku e korero," it shall be by me; and they thus explain them : — Na and ma mean by ; and patu and korero, though active in form, are passive in meaniny. To this theory, however, there are strong objections. (1.) It cannot be shown, except by examples derived from this class, that na and ma ever signify by ; these words all must admit are the active form of no and mo — the prepositions which denote the possessíve case. (2.) It will altogether fail in those instances in which other prepositions besides na and ma are found. In the following, for example : — " I a au e noho ana I reirá," whilst I was there ; nona i tango, because he too it ; it will be seen that it is as difíìcuit to determine the nominatives of ' ' noho ' ' and " tango " as it was to determine those of patu and korero in the other examples. Those who attend to the genius of the language (vide Preliminary Itemarks, pages 100 and 101, and Syntax of Nouns, sec. 3, page 109) will, we think, find but littìe difïiculty in the question. They will see that there are no participles, adverbs, or relative pronouns in Maori, and that, therefore, we must not be surprised at a construction which, though loose, is admirably adapted to supply the defect. That Maori has a peculiar love for the possessive form in predication, especially when a relative pronoun is understood, may be seen in the following examples* : — Ko Tiaki anake ta matou i hite, Tiaki was the only person that ive savo : lit. Tiaki was our only one (actively) (I mean) saw ; ka tohe ki ana i pai ai, he holds out for what he desired : lit. he holds out for his (I mean) desired ; he mate toku, I am sick : lit. , a sickness is mine ; ka tika tau, you are right : lit. yours is right ; koe would not be here used ; ko taku noho tenei, a, po noa, I will sit here till night : lit. this is my sitting until night. The leading meaning of na and ma, and their cor-

* That the English language had once a similar tendeney might, we think, be shown by many examples. Thus we hear, "have pity on me," "have her forth," "1 have remembrance of thee in my prayer." Many of our tenses, also, are formed by this auxiliary ; e.g . " I have seen" 4 4 he had gone," 44 1 would have loved," &c. The frequent use, also, of this form in the Greek may be seen in Donnegan's Greek Lexicón, under 44 echo" to hold.

responding passives, no and mo, seems to be, of the one class, present or past ; of the other, future possession. And most of the examples given in pp. 60-65 of their various uses might be reduced to those heads. Thus, "no te mane i haere mai ai" means, literally, it was ofthe Monday (I mean) come. "No reirá i riri," it was of that cause (I mean) the having leen angry ; 11 Mo a mua haere ai," let it he for a future period (I mean) the going, &c. Compound Tenses * — A compound tense is one whose time and quality are modifìed by some other time or circumstance with which it is connected. Thus in the examples in page 37 i reirá ahau e pai ana , e — ana, which, taken absolutely, is present, now represents the pluperfect potential ; because it has a reference to i reirá, a past time, and to me, a partióle denoting contingency. Again, in the example, akuanei tae rawa atu, hua mate ; hua, taken absolutely, refers to past time ; but here it is taken relatively , and refers to a future, i.e. to the time in

* As the English language supplies but few illustrations of this mode of construction, we will here lay before the student some extracts from Professor Lee's Hebrew Grammar, as well to show how much this usage obtains in Oriental languages as to enable him to enter more readily into the subject. Professor L. says (page 328) " Any writer commencing his narrativo will necessarily speak of past, present, or future events with reference to the period in which his statement is made." This, he says, is the " absolute use of the tense." Again, " A person may speak of those events with reference to some other period or event already introduced into the context." This is the relative use—" Henee, a preterite connected with another preterite will be equivalent to our pluperfect ; a present following a preterite to our imperfect, and so on." Again (page 330) "They, the Arabians, consider the present tense as of two kinds ; one they term the real present, which is what our grammarians always understand by the present tense. The other they term the present as to the narration ; by which they mean the time contemporavy with any event, and which may, therefore, be considered as present with it, although past, ' jresent, or future with regard to the real or absolute present tense." In rage 334 is a good illustration from the Persian " Last night I go to the íouse of a friend and there see a delightful assembly, and enjoya, most pleasing spectacle." The student will see in the above example that go, see and enjoy are relative presenta, being presents to last night, the time in which the speaker, in his imagination, now places himself. This mode of construction abounds in the Oíd and New Testament— for example, Mark xiv., " He saiv Levi, and says to him." Says, here, is present to though past to the time of the narration

which I may arrive ; the sentence meaning, literally, ' ' presently, exactly as I shall liave arrived, lie is dead." The expression sluãl liave , in English, all will see, is a compound tense of a similar character, for it is compounded of a future and a past tense, and thus represents a seconã future. We proceed to lay before the student some examples of the most important combinations of time and mood. To exhibit all that are possible would extend our work beyond its prescribed limits. Some remarlas on this subject have been already made in treating on the yerbal partióles. INDIO ATIYE MOOD. Present. — Ka taka ki hea, haere mai ana? they have reached what place as they come along ? Imperfect Tense. — Rolcahanga atu e au, i ira e noho ana , when I arrived he was si there: he is sitting, &c. I mua e pai ana, formerly I lilced (it) : lit. I like, &c. JE pai ana i mua— id. I pai ano i mua — id. Na reirá i kore ai ahau e pai, that ivas the cause I did not assent : lit. thence ivas I not, (I mean) pleased. I ki hoki ia, a kua oti ; mea atu ia, a, tu tonu iho : spake , and it was done ; he commanãed, and it stoood fast. Iīeoi ahau me tenei tamaiti, ka haere mai : I was the size of this child when 1 carne here. I hea koe i mua ka kimi ? ivhere you before that you did not look for it ? Nei hoki kua ora, haere ana ki Taranaki, but he recovered, and went to Taranaki ; Kua mea atu ra hoki ; e ki mai ana, why 1 said so, he rephes, i.e. replied. Perfect Tense. — Ka wha nga wiki e ngaro ana (or ka ngaro nei), it has been lost these four lit. are four weeks it is lost. /konei te kuri e kai ana, mei te huruhuru, a dog

has leen catwg a foivl hiere , as tve judge from the feathers. iVbku lea mate, since I lave leen Pluperfect Tense.— Kihai i hinga lea waiko e korua, it haã not fallen when you left it : lit. it did not fall, yon leave it. I a koe hcua riro, you liad gone. First Future Tense. — Na Ngatrwhatua e takitaki to mana mate, ka ea : Ngatiw avenge onr murder, (and) a satisfaction will le obtained. Akuanei rangona rawatia mai, e hoko ana ano koe: presently, 1 sball hear that you are still lit. presently, exaetly as it has been keard, you are, &c. Fuá mate ahau, e ora ana ano nga rakau nei : the se trees will Uve longer than I ; lit. I died, these trees are still alive. POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS. Present and Imperfect. — (Por examples of these on e, on lea, and on ai, also our remarks on ahei, taea, &c. as auxiliaries (147). Pluperfect. — Kua riro au, na te mate o taku kotiro i noho ai : I would have gone , lut I in consequence of the sichcness of my daughter ; lit. I departed, my daughter's sickness was the cause of my having remained. F noho ana, na Hone i ngare : he would have stopped, lut John sent him ; lit. he is remaining, John sent him. F murua a Hone, naJcu i ora ai : John would have leen plundered, lut I saved him. Me i kahore ahau kua mate : if it had not leen for me, he would have died. Kua hemo ke ahau, me i kaua ahau te whakapono : I should have fainted I had not helieved. Penei kua ora : in that case he would have leen saved. Ka hua ahau, i haere e rongo : I thought that they tvould have listened ( w was the cause of (my)

having gone. Mäku i runga e kore e marere : when I am at the Southward ( it ) is never granteã. Ma raua e rere, e kore e kohoro a Raiana : they Lion does not malee haste. Me i maku e keri, keihea ? if it had not been for me to dig it, where ( I lave been now) ? i.e. I should have dug to a vast distance.*" The following eomhinations of times are incorreet r — I te mea i arahina nga Hurai, while the Jews were being led ; it should he, e arahina ana. 1 kite hoki ratou i a ia, a, i rere, for they saw him and it should be, a, rere ana. To ratou taenga atu ki te pa, i reirá ano mahara ana ratou ki a ai, and when they had reached the pa, they then htm; it should be, na lea mahara, &c. Ma Hone e whakaki o koutou peke, pera hoki me o matou, John will fill your bags as full as ours ; it should be, hia penei me o matou. It may be here noted that when two tenses are conneeted together, not in the way of government, but are rather in apposition with each other, the latter will generally be the same as, or at least correspond to, the former ; e.g. the following constructions are erroneous : — Korerotia atu, mea ana, speak, saying ; it should be, meatia. A ki atu ana a Hone, ka mea ; it should be, mea ana. Ka tahi ahau i kite, now for the first time have I seen ; it should be, ka kite. Note. — Sometimes, liowevcr, we meet with exceptions to this rule: — 1. When th ere is a clear case for the operation of epanorthosis. 2. When the partióles a or na intervene. The character of the sentence will sometimes be found to afïeet the time of the verb ; as, for exampie, in animated narration, where a large measure of

* The student is recommended to notice the various forms contained in the preceding table, and to endeavonr to add to them from his own observation. It would also be most useful to throw into one form all the various examples of simple and componnd times that he will fìnd in pages 40-42, as well also as those contained in the preceding part of this chapter.

certainty, or wben contingency is to be denoted, &c. ; e.g. Kihai i u ki uta, kua tae ki te whare, totoro ki te maripi, ki te paoka, K kai he liad not before he had reached the hou had stretched out (his hand } to the ltnife and fork , {he) eating, i.e. immediately as soon as be landed be began to eat ; E pa ma, kia kaba. Kabore Kua u, My friends, be strong the oar), O no, we have landed we are cióse to sbore. A request or command, given to be conveyed to anotber, will often be put into tbe imperative, just as if tbe individual to wbom tbe request, &c., is to be delivered were really present ; e.g. Mea atu ki a Hone, Taihoa e haere : say to John, Dorìt go for a while. Ekite koe i a te Keba, Ilaere mai : if you see Keha, (say to bim) Come here. Note. — This form is generally adopted when tbe speaker •wishes to be animated and abrupt. Sometimes, as in the first example, it is the only form admissible. Veris associated to qualify each other. — It sbould bere also be noted tbat wben two verbs are associated togetber, tbe latter of wbicb is modifìed in meaning by tbe former, in a way somewbat similar to tbat in wbicb tbe infìnitive in Latin is modifìed by its governing verb, tbe two verbs will generally be in tbe same tense and voice ; e.g. Kua baere, kua korobeke boki, he has begun to get oíd: lit. be is gone, be is oíd; anga koe, kei korero, donH you go and say, &c. ; e aratakina ana, e patua ana : it is led to be killed. Repetition of Verbs. — Tbe same verb will frequently be repeated in Maori wben contingency, intensity, distribution, diversity, &c. are intended, and particularly wben tbe speaker desires to be impressive and empbatic ; e.g. Ko te mea i tupono i tupono : ko te mea i kabore i kabore, {the karakia ) is all a work of chance ; sometimes there is a successful hit, sometimes a failure, lit. tbat wbicb bit tbe mark bit it, tbat wbicb did not, did not; E pakaru ana, e

pakaru ana ki tana malii, ( signify) it breaks , it is broken in his Okioki, okioki atu ki a i a, trust, trust in lum: i.e. place your whole trust in, &c. ; Haere ka haere, kai ka kai : his goings, in all his eatings, i.e. whenever ke walks, or eats, he retains the same ¡prac Heoi ano ra, heoi -ano : that is all about it, that is all about it. _ Hapai, ana, liapai ana: raise both enãs at the same time', i.e. while gou raise , I raise. Note. — A. similar usage obtains in other parts of the language ; e.g. ko wai, ko wai te haere to go ì ko tera tera, that is another, or a different one ; he kanohi he kanohi, face to face ko Roka ano Koka, ko ahau ano ahan ? Moka (my wife) and 1 are different lit. ītoka is Itoka, and I arn I. Sometimes tke former yerb will assnme tke form of the verbal noun ; e.g. te haerenga i haere ai, going with which he went, i.e. so on he proceeded ; na, ko te tino riringa i riri ai, so he was verg angry. Note. — The learned student need not be reminded of the remarkable parallel which Maori finds to the four last rules in Hebrew. From this cause it will be sometimes found that an exactly literal translation will be more idiomatic than another. Thus/G-en. i. 7, "Dying, thou shalt die," could not be rendered more idiomatieally than if it be done literally : " Na, ko te matenga e mate ai koe." Of the Passive Verbs. — It has been already observed {pp. 47-48) that passive verbs are often nsed in Maori in a somewkat more extended sense than is met with in most languages. It may naturally, therefore, be expected that their use should be more frequent than that of active verbs; and such we believe to be the case, Maori seeming to incline peculiarly to the passive mode or form of statement, ■especially in the secondary clauses of a sentence. Independently of other uses which they subserve {such as often supplying a more animated style of narration, being sometimes the more convenient — as being the more loose or general— mode in which to

advance a sentiment, &c.), tbere are two of considerable importance wbicb may be bere noticed : — lst. They are most frequently employed wben therelativo pronoun is understood, and are generally equivalen t to tbe active verb with ai or nei, Sfc. after it ; e.g. nga mahi i whakahaua e ia, the works were ordered by Jiim. Tbe active form here, witkout ai after it, would be seldom used. Vi de also theexamples, pp. 47, 48. 2nd. Tbey sometimes supply tbe place of a preposition ; be aha te mea eomakia nei ? what is tlie matter a.bout which it is run ? Te tangata i korerotia nei, the man about we were talking. Tbe following sentence, Ka korero ahau ki te wbakapakoko, literally means, I will to the image ; it sbould bave been, Ka korero te wbakapakoko. Tbis usage, bowever, does not extend to all tbe prepositions ; and, wben some of tbem are understood, tbe verb will require ai after it. Tbe following sentence, for example, is erroneous: Te tangata e kainga ana te poaka, the man by whom the pig is eaten ; it sbould be, E kai ana, or e kai nei, or e kainga ai. Constructions will not unfrequently be found in whicb tbe active form usurps tbe place of tbe passive, and vice versa; e.g. Ko tena kua boboro te horoi, let that be jirst washed. Kua tahu te kai o te kainga nei, the food of the settlement has been kindled, i.e. tbe oven is kindled for cooking. Kei te uta to matou waka, our carne is loading. Ko tebea te patu ? which is to be kiìled ? Ko tera kua panga noa ake, has been much longer on the jíre: lit. bas been tbrown. Taria e kawhaki te poti, ìetnot the boat be taken away you) for a while. He mea tiki, a thing fetched. Kua oti te , Jinished, the being dug. Me tuero e koe, it must be (or, Jet it be) stabbed by you. Ka timata tena wbenua, te , that land has commenced (I mean) the being felled. Kei reirá, a Hone e tanu ana, there John {lies) buried. Ka te arai taku abi e koe, my fire is bemg stopped up>

by you, i.e. yon are intereepting the communication, &c. Kia rúa nga waka e mai e koe, let be two carnes that will be paddled here by you. The following form is not frequent : — Kei te atawhaitia, pig) is being talen cure of. Kei te takina te kai, the food is being talen off (the firé). When ambiguity raiglit arise from tlie object of the action being considered as the agent , the passive form is almost always used : e.g. Ka poto nga tangata o reirá te , all the men of that place have Ka tata tena tangata te nehua, that man is being buried. Neuter Verbs which assume the passive form. — Sonie neuter verbs assume the passive form (1) witkout any material alteration of meaning : e.g. Ka holia he huanga, if it is come baclwards and to it because I am a relation.* (2.) Most frequently, however, they derive a transitive meaning from the change. Thus, in the example already adduced, page 48, liorihori, to tell falsehoocls ; te mea i horihoria e koe he tangata, the thing which you erroneously was a man. Again — Tangi, to te tupapaku e tangihia nei, the corpse which is being , i.e. which is the subjeet of the crying. He tangata haurangi, a mad person. Te tangata i haurangitia nei, a person for whom another is bewildered.

* The passive verbs wheterongia, titahangia, &c., to which we alinde, page 38, note, may, we think, on reflection, be most correctly reduced to this head

CHAPTER XX. OF THE PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, AND CONJUNCTIONS.

These liave been considered at large in chapters viii., ix., x., xi., and require now but little notice. We proceed to consider the prepositions which follow the verbs, and to oíïer a few other remarks respecting tbem. Verbal Postjixes. — An active verb will (as was observed, page 57) take i after it, to denote the object of the action. Sometimes, however, leí will be found to supply its place ; e.g. Mohio hi a ia, matau leí a ia, wehi, leí a ia, whakaaro hi tena mea, karanga hi a ia, kuamau hi te pu, seized his Whiwhi te toki, obtain an axe, &c. Between these two prepositions, however, as verbal postfìxes, there is often a very important diíîerence ; e.g. Na ka whakatiki ahau a ia hi te kai, so ãeprived liirn of food ; i.e. I withheld food from him. Na te aha koe i kaiponu ai i to paraikete hi a au ? Why did you witlihold your blanhet from He pakeha hei whakawhiwhi i a matou hi te kakahn, European to rnahe us possess clothes. Ki te hoko atu i taku poaka hi te tahi paraikete moku, to sell my pig for a blanhet for myself. Europeans generally employ mo , but erroneously. Sometimes other prepositions will occupy the place of Ka haere ahau ki te whangai i taku kete riwai taku poaka, 1 will go feed my bashet of potatoes for pig i.e. I will feed my pigs with my basket of potatoes. Hei patu moku, to strike me with — a form similar to hei patu i a au.

Note. — Occasionally no sign of case will follow the active verb — (1) When the verb is preceded by such auxiliarles as taea, pau, taihoa, &c. ; e.g. e kore e taea e ahau te hopu tena poaka, it cannot be accomplished by me (I ) the catching or, e kore e taea tena poaka e au, te hopu. (2) When the verb is preceded by the partióle me, or by the prepositions na and ma ; e.g. me hopu te poaka e koe, the pig must be caught by you ; naku i hopu tena, the having caught tliat ( ivas mine. To this rule exceptions are sometimes heard. JVeuter Veris will sometimes take an accusative case of tlie noun proper to tbeir own significaron ; e.g. E karakia ana i tana harahia, he is praying E kakaku ana i ona, he is garm clothes ; i.e. is putting tbem on. Note:.- — Considerable variation will be found in the prepositions which follow such verbs as heoi, ka tahi, &c. ; e.g . Heoi ano te koti pai nou , the only good coat is yours . Ka tahi ano te koti pai, nou , iãem . Manawa to tangata korero teka, he pakeha (Taranaki), a European is the gveatest person fon telling falsehooãsc Ka tahi ano taku tangata kino, lo loe (or li a koe, or lei a koe). Ka tahi ano tenei huarahi ka takahia li a koe, you are thefirst person who has troãden this path. If it had been e koe, the meaning would have been, you now for the jirst time wall this road. Often, also, the preposition will be omitted, and the noun put into the nominative ; e.g . Noho rawa atu he whenua ke, settled in aforeign lanã . Ka whakamoea atu he tangata ke, giren in marriage to another man . Te huihuinga mai o Mokau, o whea, o whea, lo te Wherowhero, the musterings of Molau¡ &c., are to Wherowhero , i.e. Wherowhero is the grand objeet of interest. Between i and Jci, wken following neuter verbs or adjeetives, there is often a considerable diíference ; e.g. Mate M, desirous of; mate i, hūletf iy. ^ Kaha i te kino, stronger than sin, i.e. overcoming it ; kaha hi te kino, strong in sinning ; ngakau kore hi tana kupn, disinclined to, &c.; ngakau kore discouraged by. Eoreigners often err in tbe use of tbese and otber prepositions; e.g I a ia hi reirá, tvhile he was it sbould be i reirá. E aba ana ia hi reirá ? Wbat is be doing tbere ? it sbould be i reirá. Kati hi kona ;

it should be i kona. E mea ana ahau kia kai i te Onewhero, I am thinking of ; it sbould be, hi te Onewhero. Hei a wai ranei te pono ? hei a Maihi rene i, hei a Pita ranei ? is the _ truth ? with Marsh or with ? it should be, I a wai, &c. He aha te tikanga o taua kupu nei kei a Matiu ? what is the meanmg of that in Matthew it should be % a Matiu. Again — Kahore e mea te kainga nei hei kai, there is nothing food ; it should be o te kainga nei. Enei kupu te pukapuka, these words of the loolc ; it should be O te pukapuka. Ko nga mea katoa no waho, the outside ; it should be O waho. He kahore urupa o Kawhia i kawea mai ai ki konei? M^as there no grave in Kawhia, that you brought him here ? it should be JYo Kawhia. Again — he mea tiki i toku whare, a thing fetched f rom my house. The meaning of this, as it stands, is " a thing to fetch my house j" it should be no toku whare, as in the f ollowing proverb : 1 1 He toka hapai mai no nga whenua." In constructions like these the agent will take either e or na before it, but most frequently the latter. In some tribes to the southward of Waikato the f ollowing form is in common use : — He pakeke ou, yours are hardnesses} i.e. you are a hard person. He makariri oku i te anu, I haré colds from the cold ( air ). The singular forms toa and toku are mostly used in Waikato, or the preposition nou ; e.g. he pakeke nou¡ and makariri or TOKU. Prepositions are sometimes used where a foreigner would expect a verbal partióle ; e.g. Kei te takoto a Hone, John is lying down. I te mate ahau, I was poorly. Ko te tarai ahau i tena wahi, I have been that place. This form belongs chieflyto Ngapuhi. Ka tae te pakeke o te oneone nei ! kahore i te kohatu ! How hard this soil is ! it is not at a stone, i.e. it is like a stone. Kahore ahau i te kite, I dorìt see. This last form is used chiefly in the distriets southward of Waikato.

Advenís. — Most of the adverbs will (as was observed, page 84) assume the form of the word with which they are connected ; e.g. Kapw mam, rap«$ marie¿¿$, rapu nga mari etanga, &c. In some distriets, however, they will assume the form of the verbal noun, after the passive voice ; e.g. Kapua mari Xnstances will also occasionally be found, in all parts of the island, in which they undergo no change : e.g. Whiua pena, throw it in that direetion. Whiua is, it in that manner. Negativo Advenís. — Most òf these will, when in connection with the verb, take a verbal partióle before or after them ; e.g. llore rawa pai ; kahore i pai, or (sometimes) kahore e pai ; kihai i* pai ; e kore e pai ; aua e haere, kiano i haere noa, e hara i a au, it is not mine , or, it is differe from me (i e. it was not I), &c. Kihai i and labore i are most írequently used indifferently one for the other. An experieneed speaker will, however, we think, sometimes notice points of difference, and particularly that kihai i is most frequently employed when reference is made to an act previous to a past act, and kahore i when some allusion is made to the present time. Thus, in the following sentence, "Ñau i kai nga kai kihai nei i tika kia kainga e te mea noa," we should prefer kahore nei i to denote which was not, and is , ìawful to le eaten by a per son not tapu. In Waikato, haunga with kahore sometimes governs a genitive case ; e g. Kahore haunga o tena. Kahore, when it takes a possessive case after it, will require it to be in the plural number, e.g. Kahore aku moni, I no , lit. there is a negativeness of my moneys. So also the partióle u, vide page 9 1 .

* Some foreigners, we observe, omit the i after kihai when it immediately follows it. That this error, however, arises from the i being blended into the ai of kihai in the pronunciation is clear from its being distinetly heard when a word intervenes to prevent elisión, as in the following example Kihai ahau i pai.

Tn answering a question, tbe answer will always be regnlated by tbe way in wbich the question is put, e.g. Kabore i pai ? ae ; Was he not willing ? Yes ; i.e. Yes, be was not willing. If tbe answer was intended to be affirmative, tbe speaker would bave said " I pai ano."

FINIS.

WILSONS AND HORTON, GENERAL PRINTERS, AUCKLAND, N Z KO WIRIHANA MA RATOU IvO IIOTENE, NGA KAI-TA, KEI AICARANA.