GREAT BRITAIN.

E.—l2

Teachers. There are children—as contemplated by clause 30 of the code—who attend school over thirteen, 1 but their number docs not, apparently, justify special classification in returns. 2 The prohibitions against the injurious employment of children are covered by the authorities referred to. TEACHERS. 3 " The teachers 4 recognized by the department are: (a) pupil teachers, (b) assistant teachers, (c) provisionally certificated teachers, 5 (d) certificated teachers, (e) evening school teachers." 0 " Lay persons alone arc recognized as teachers in day schools," 7 and the supply for both voluntary and Board schools is mainly derived from (a) training colleges ; 8 the other sources being principally those (b) pupil teachers who yearly complete their engagement satisfactorily, but who cannot be admitted to training colleges for want of room ;' J (c) persons who have been appointed as assistant teachers by Boards by virtue of being graduates of a university in the United Kingdom ; 10 (d) women over eighteen years of age who have passed a university examination 11 recognized by the department; (e) and persons who have passed the examination for admission to a training college. 13 The training colleges arc promoted and managed by various denominations 13 or societies, after having been established by them at a cost, to them, of £520,273 3s. 2ad., as against only £114,483 ss. 3d. out of the public purse. 141 The State merely aids 15 and inspects them. 16 There are in England and Wales 42 residential establishments 1 ' and seven in Scotland ; and the complete term of training is two years. 18 They furnish respectively some 1,500 and 430 teachers annually, 11' and the supply of certificated teachers is now sufficient for the demand. 19 The average annual cost per student in England and Wales is £51 9s. Id., including about £1 10s. average cost of instruction in science. 20 Of this amount, however, the State only contributes about £37 3s., 21 whilst of the remainder nearly 9-20ths consist of fees paid by students. 23 In respect of pupil teaching, 23 the llight Hon. A. J. Mundella admitted to me that he^ felt it to be a weak point in the English system, and considered that pupil teachers should' only teach half-time;' 24 and, in reply to a deputation, he subsequently stated that "the Government were confirmed in the opinion that the reduction of the hours of teaching by

Prohibition of injurious employment of children.

Classes of teachers.

Sources of supply of teachers.

Training colleges.

Pupil-teacher system.

(c) Pv.C., vol. 1, pp. 537 and 524. " The age statistics of the census of ISBI show that 23.73 of the total population are between 3 and 13 yeai's of age. On the usual assumption that sixth-sevenths of the population are of the class whoso children ought to attend public elementary schools, it follows that 20.34, or, say, 20 per cent., of the whole population might be found on the register." ' Seo also E. Act, 1876, ss. 11, 12, and 4S, and supra, p. 7, n. 15. 1 Sec G.H., 18S5-86, p. xi. • For latest statistics see G.R., 1885-86, p. xviii. Mr. M. Arnold considers that " the methods of teaching in foreign schools are more gradual, more natural, more rational than in those of Great Britain."—Head his (May, 1880) report, especially pp. 13, 16-21. Note Mr. Mundella'a remarks, Times or Daily News, 25 Feb., 1884. There are very few in Scotland, and such as there are :nainly act as assistants under certificated teachers, till they obtain a certificate as acting teacher, or complete their normal course. 6 In Scotland, at all events, these teachers are usually those who aro the assistants in the day schools. ' Code, Arts. 31, 32, and compare with N.Z. regs., N.Z. Gazette 92, 1878. 8 See (a) G.H-, 1885-86, pp. xviii.-xxvi. and iv., and Scot., 1885-86, p. viii., and compare with N.Z. 1886 rep., pp. xv. and xvi., and regs. dated 5 May, ISBS. (5) Times, 20 Sept., 1884, containing notes of Mr. Davis's paper. (c) Note also Dr. (now Sir) C. Brown's report on " Over-pressure," pp. 48-50. * See G.R., 1885-86, pp. xviii., xxvi. 10 Note also Scotch Code, 1886, Art. 47, giving superior facilities, and G.R. Scot., 1883-84, p. xxiv. " " But these need never have been inside an elementary school," see Mr. Heller's Handbook on Codo. Bemroso and Sous, London. 3—E. 12.

12 See Code, Art. fll, and compare with N.Z. regs. as above. 18 Note ecclesiastical test, and possible denominational warp, Times, 20 Sept., 1881, as above. 14 G.R., 1885-80, p. xviii., and G.E., Scot., 188j-BG, pp. 8 and xxiii. is Code, Arts. 128-133. 10 Seo (a) Code, Arts. 117 and 121; and (b) G.H., 1885-86, pp. iv. ami 18, and compare with N.Z. 1577 Act,s.B,s.s. 3,androgs. as above. •> But see 8.C., vol. 1, p. 526. 18 See Code, Arts. 116-133, and compare as above with regs. 13 Seo G.R., 1885-86, p. xviii., and U.R., Scot., 1885-BG, p. xxiii. See also Times, 20 Sept., 1884, papor by Mr. G. B. Davis. For details relative to examinations, &c, seo G.R., 1885-86, p. x., 1833-84, cspec. pp. 469-482, and seo also 485, 456, 4'J2-4<J7, and 505-599, and G-.R., Scot., 1885-86, p. xvii. 20 See G.R., 1883-84, pp. 490, 491, 488, 489, 493, and xxiii., and compare with N.Z. cost, 1886 report, p. xvi. But see Official Science Directory, p. 2. In Scotland, however, only £45 Is. 7d. for masters, and £41 17s. sd. for mistresses; G.U., Scot., 1885-86, p. 262. 21 See G.R., 1883-84, p. 483, and G.R., 1885-86, Scot., p. 261. 23 See G.R., 1883-84, p. 489. Since the above calculations were made, a later return, as relating to England and Wales, not yet to hand, has been published this year (1886). see P. M. Budget, 25 March, 1886, p. 27. In Scotland, education at normal schools is gratuitous for two years for those who can pass certain examinations. ! :3 See Code, espec. Arts. 33-45, and third, fifth, and sixth schedules, and Arts. 50 and 52, and oompaia with N.Z. regs., especially Gazette 92, 1878. See also Mr. Heller's Handbook. For interp. of term "Pupil Teacher " see Ait. 33, Code. 24 But note Mr. Holler's comment in Handbook on Art. S3, Code

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