GEBMANY.

E.—l2

General Features. told me that a danger of such schools was found to be that the children acquire habits of playing in school which they carry into the primary schools. Instruction is not gratuitous— the fee charged being generally about 3 marks per month. (5.) Primary day schools (Volksschulen) are the first compulsory stage of German: education; 1 but many parents have their children educated at the commencement in a' preparatory Gymnasium (Vorschule), where they remain till about the age of nine, 2 when the secondary-school course commences. Class numbers arc generally regulated by law. 3 There are no standards; but the time-table is a part ol' the school law and the school regulations of the country.' 1' Home lessons are usual. 0 There is nothing special to remark concerning school buildings, except that in the cities they are very fine. (0.) Supplementary (continuation) schools (Fortbildungssclmlcn), which arc virtually! secondary schools held in the evenings and on Sunday mornings, are everywhere the next 5 stage, and are especially intended for deepening and extending the knowledge of apprentices after leaving school. 6 But these only apply where a child does not attend a secondary school. Attendance at these schools in many States is compulsory, but not so everywhere. 7 In all eases some preparation for industrial occupations is taught in them.s Instruction in supplementary schools is not in all States gratuitous ; although where not gratuitous the fees are always low. In Prussia all tuition is charged for in some/' and in others French and English alone are charged for as extras. In Saxony, on the other hand, 10 there is no charge made. The half-time system does exist, but to no great extent. 11 (7.) Public secondary schools, which arc almost always day schools, exist in all thes States; but there is not everywhere the same gradation. 13 Where the organization is complete 1 they, and the higher educational establishments, mainly 13 consist of—■ (a) Preparatory schools (Yorschulen) 14' for children from about the age of six to nine; (Ij) Modern schools (Realschulen) 13 preparatory for the upper modern school and the Polytechnic; (c) Upper Modern (Ober llealschulen) lr> in which there is no Latin taught, and which specially prepare for entrance into the Polytechnic school to continue scientific education; (d) Polytechnic schools or technical universities ; 17 (e) Classical schools (Gymnasien) 18 preparatory for any of the Faculties of the university, or for the Polytechnic school ;

Primary day ools'

Supplementary schools.

Secondary and niSner schools.

1 See also R. C, vol. 1, pp. 21, 22. " For girls as well as boys, at least in Berlin, sec Official Pamphlet as below, dated 1882, pp. 15-18. 8 For instance, in Saxony numbers in a class must not exceed 60; and one teacher must not have charge of moro than 120. Sec also R. E. C, Mr. M. Arnold, 5105. But see 5242 and seq. *R. E. 0., Mr. M. Arnold, 5277. For difference between "standards" and the continental system see R. E. C, Mr. M. Arnold, 5G90 and seq. s For amount of home lessons see R. E. 0., Mr. M. Arnold, 5930 and seq. 6 See also— (a) R. C, vol. 1, pp. 40-42, 47, 511, 524, and vol. 3, 3413 and seq. (b) For Berlin, see Official Pamphlet, dated 1882, containing the principles of administration of Berlin schools, including regs. respecting subjects taught, inspection, &c.; also official rep. on schools, dated Feb., 1884, containing particulars of work done, results, and statistics. (c) For Saxony, Mr. Bashford's book, pp. 9, 10, and j espee. 19, 20; Mr. Felkin's book, espec. p. 24 ; " Tech. Ed. in Saxony," p. 91; Amer. Commr. Rep., 1885, p. 212. But see R. E. C, Mr. M. Arnold, 5403, 5650 and seq. And for further eulogy of the system see Sir P. J. Koenan's Address, p. 07. ' For instance, compulsory in Saxony, Bavaria, and Baden, but not compulsory in Prussia ; also pamphlet, p. 11, and Mr. Bashford's book, pp. 8-11; and note R. C, vol. 1, pp. 40, 47, 524; and R. E. C, Mr. M. Arnold, 5784 and seq. 8 See— (a) R. C, vol. 1, pp. 40, 41, 47, 48, 511, and 524. (b) For Saxony, Messrs. Bashford and Felkin's books. (c) For Berlin, Official Pamphlet and Report as above. J 9 See Pamphlet as above, pp. 7-11. 10 See Messrs. Bashford's (p. 20) and Felkin's books. " See also —

(a) R. C, vol. 3, 1308; and (6) B. E. Rep., p. 533. But see R. E. C, Mr. M. Arnold, 5203 and seq., and 5337 and seq. 12 Note also R. C, vol. 1, p. 22. 13 There are sometimes intermediary gradations—for instance, see Mr. Felkin's book, pp. 9, 10, 28 ; and Amer. Commr. Rep., 1885, p. 210. For " Table showing Provision of Schooling (secondary and primary) in Saxony for year ending Christmas, 1884," see Appendix Table (B) to Mr. M. Arnold's (May, 1886) Rep. For "Table showing Provision of Schools (secondary and primary) in Berlin for year ending 1 April, 1885," see Appendix Table (A) to Mr. M. Arnold's (May, 1880) Rep. u See also (a) R. C, vol. 1, p. 22 ; (6) I. E. C, vol. 10, p. 213. " Note— (a) I. E. C, vol. 16, pp. 221, 290, 297, and 213; (6) Mr. Felkin's book, espec. pp. 9, 10, 13, 14, and 28; (e) R. C, vol. 3, 1397. For interpretation, " Real," see B. E. Rep., p. 74. '« See also B. 0., vol. 1, p. 22. >' See also R. C, vol. 1, espec. 180-200, 207-214. Ik There are two classes of Gymnasien in Prussia and some other States — (a) Gymnasien without any addition (as denned in the text) ; (b) Realgymnasien (formerly called Realschulen, while what are now called so were designated as Gewerbeschulen or Obergewerbeschulen), preparatory for the Polytechnic schools, and for the study of science, mathematics, or modern languages in the universities. See also— (a) I. E. C, vol. 10, pp. 221, 290, 297, 214; and vol. 15, pp. 87, 200, 201 ; and (ft) " Journ. of Ea.," 1 Feb., 1886, p. GO. For the plans of study, see programme Royal Gymnasium, Leipsic, and Mr. Felkin's book, including pp. 9, 10, 13, 14, 28, and appendices to Mr. M. Arnold's

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