benefits under the Charter wouid fee embarrassing. 6n the other hand, if non-Members can gain advantages from the operation of the Charter without accepting any obligations, the incentive to join the Organization is weakened. The texts represent three different shades of opinion—alternative A gives Members substantial latitude in relations with nonMembers ; alternative B steers a middle course ; alternative C is more severe, especially regarding contractual relations with non-Members. Article 94 deals with general exceptions from the Charter on matters relating to national security. The effect is to exclude from the scope of the Charter —{a) information which in the opinion of the Member would, if..given, prejudice its essential security interests ; (b) action by a Member which it considers necessary in time of war or for protection of its essential security interests in relation to fissionable materials and to traffic in arms ; and (c) action in pursuance of obligations of Members under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security. Under Article 95 amendments to the Charter may be made with the approval of the Conference by the affirmative votes of two-thirds of the Members. If any amendment does not involve a change in the obligations assumed by Members it becomes effective when it is made. If any amendment is made that does involve a change in Members' obligations it is effective for those Members which accept it. However, the Conference may determine that any amendment is of such a nature that Members which have not accepted it within a period to be specified shall be required to withdraw from the Organization. There is provision for the Conference to waive this requirement in particular cases. A Member not accepting an amendment may withdraw from the Organization. Article 96 provides for the convening of a special session of the Conference to review the provisions of the Charter before the end of the tenth year after its entry into force, while Article 97 specifies procedures whereunder Members may withdraw from the Organization or, if threefourths of them agree, they may terminate the Charter. The procedure for bringing the Charter into force and the authority for its registration with the United Nations are contained in Article 98. Under Article 99 the territorial application of the Charter is defined and an undertaking is given that each Member shall take such reasonable measures as may be available to it to assure observance of the provisions of the Charter by regional and local governments and authorities. Special provisions are made to cover the requirements of separate Customs Territories which do not have full responsibility for the formal conduct of their diplomatic relations but which are autonomous in the conduct of their external commercial relations. The final Article provides for deposit of the Charter in the official languages of the United Nations and for certified copies of it to be furnished to all interested Governments.

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