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charitable causes were initiated or aided. The subsequent history of lotteries in England is briefly summarized by Ewen as follows : "Towards the close of.the century the personal enterprises sprang up like mushrooms, and, becoming a public nuisance, were suppressed in 1699, clearing the way for a series of State lotteries of varying types, which continued in force for about 130 years, until their abolishment in 1826. In Ireland, similar revenue-producing schemes continued in force from 1780 to 1800, when a union of the Parliaments took place. Excellent public works were carried out with funds derived from lotteries, but largely due to the introduction of abuses in the form of gambling on chances, and so-called insurances, the lottery fell into disgrace." 383. "It is of interest to note how, in one State after another, it aroused antagonism, leading to great modifications, or absolute abolition. It has to be admitted, however, that the main reasons for prohibitive ordinances were at first to clear the way for State monopoly, the Exchequers very soon realizing the possibilities of the lottery as a revenue-producing machine. A second and later cause of hostility was due to undoubted evils arising from abuses of the system by persons neither adventurers nor promoters of the lottery proper ; these outside vices providing a basis on which the moralists founded their damning indictment. That the States gave way to the objectors, and sacrificed a fruitful source of income was, perhaps, to a good extent, due to the people becoming more and more used to direct taxation, and other and easier means of replenishing the coffers opening up." The policy in Ireland was altered with the change in the constitution and the sitting of a local Parliament. It became legal in 1930 to set up charitable lotteries, and some very large schemes have been successfully promoted. 384. Taking a general view of the history of lotteries, it is noticeable how, in one State after another, they aroused antagonism and were made the subject of radical modifications or absolute prohibition. No doubt in other European countries, as well as in England, prohibition was resorted to in order to clear the way for State monopoly, but there is little doubt that antagonism was, in a large measure, due to abuses attendant upon the system. It may be, as claimed, that these abases arose not out of lotteries themselves, but out of practices collateral to them. However that may be, lotteries were prohibited in Belgium in 1830, in France in 1832 and 1836, in Sweden in 1841, and in various German States about the same time. Most of these countries, however, permit modified schemes in the interests of art or to facilitate the raising of municipal loans, and ~the encouragement of thrift. In the United States of America, the majority of the States have prohibited lotteries, but there are apparently a few provinces with early constitutions which are silent on the matter.