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Paragraph 3 (d) The term " special factors " in paragraph 3 (d) includes among other factors changes in relative productive efficiency as between domestic and foreign producers which may have occurred since the representative period. ad Article 21 With regard to the special problems that might be created for Members which, as a result of their programmes of full employment, maintenance of high and rising levels of demand and economic development, find themselves faced with a high level of demand for imports, and in consequence maintain quantitative regulation of their foreign trade, it was considered that the text of Article 21, together with the provision for export controls in certain parts of this Charter, for example, in Article 45, fully meet the position of these economies. ad Article 22 Paragraphs 2 (d) and 4 The term " special factors " as used in Article 22 includes among other factors the following changes, as between the various foreign producers, which may have occurred since the representative period : 1. Changes in relative productive efficiency ; 2. The existence of new or additional ability to export; and 3. Reduced ability to export. Paragraph 3 The first sentence of paragraph 3 (b) is to be understood as requiring the Member in all cases to give, not later than the beginning of the relevant period, public notice of any quota fixed for a specified future period, but as permitting a Member, which for urgent balance-of-payments reasons is under the necessity of changing the quota within the course of a specified period, to select the time of its giving public notice of the change. This in no way affects the obligation of a Member under the provisions of paragraph 3 (a), where applicable. ad Article 23 Paragraph 1 (g) The provisions of paragraph 1 (g) shall not authorize the Organization to require that the procedure of consultation be followed for individual transactions unless the transaction is of so large a scope as to constitute an act of general policy. In that event, the Organization shall, if the Member so requests, consider the transaction, not individually, but in relation to the Member's policy regarding imports of the product in question taken as a whole. Paragraph 2 One of the situations contemplated in paragraph 2 is that of a Member holding balances acquired as a result of current transactions which it finds itself unable to use without a measure of discrimination.