E.—l2

GERMANY.

(ii neral Features. they have at least attained the age of nineteen, and have passed their examination satisfactorily. The education is not gratuitous, except for those who are too poor to pay, in which case it must also be shown that the applicants' testimonials arc good. There are probably at this institution twenty free places out of accommodation for 200 pupils. Admission to a normal school can only be obtained after passing an examination, and the term of study there varies from three to six yeai's; 1 and religious instruction is included in the course." There arc some normal schools for the training of mistresses, 15 although they are not so numerous as those for masters. " Because in German countries women arc much less used in teaching than men." 1' This is especially the case " above the three or four lowest classes. They think that many of the subjects in the classes above women are not fit to teach." And Mr. M. Arnold thinks the result satisfactory. 5 A part of the training in all such schools consists in practising teaching under the guidance of a preceptor. 6 The main duty of a head teacher in Germany is considered to be that of supervision, and therefore he undertakes only a limited number of lessons. The salaries are very small/ and no part of the pay is dependent upon examination or attendance results. 8 In Berlin, for instance, male teachers in primary schools receive from 1,500 to 3,240 marks per annum, with free rooms, fire, and lighting for head masters; whilst the annual salaries of females range from 1,100 to 1,900 marks. In secondary schools at Berlin the head masters receive from 0,000 to 7,500 marks per annum, with rooms, light, and firing; whilst the salaries of the other masters arc from 2,400 to 5,400. 9 As an instance of how very low some salaries are, at a Kindergarten school which I visited at Berlin, connected with a religious institution, and conducted by some young ladies, I was informed by the Inspector that their salaries were only 3 marks each per month, besides board, residence, and clothing. Pensions are granted, 10 but deductions are made from salaries for the pension fund ; and there also voluntary benefit associations formed by the teachers for provision in case of sickness or death. 11 The school year runs from Easter to Easter, and important examinations, both written: and oral, arc arranged to take place before Easter and Michaelmas. On the result of examination depends the promotion of students from one class to a higher. 1" In addition to ordinary inspections, 13 each primary school in every third or fourth year is carefully inspected by an expert member of the Board of Education. There are no State scholarships in primary or secondary schools. Scholarships are pro-: vided only in the universities by Royal or private legacies, and are not awarded unless to scholars who combine the two conditions of (a) being poor, and (/;) having distinguished themselves ; and even then the scholarships are comparatively very small. 1* (10.) In all States private 10 as well as public schools are under State supervision;ll3 and:

Pensions.

Inspection and

Scholarships.

Private schools.

1 For further details see Mr. M. Arnold's (May, 1886) I ' rept., p. 16; E.E.C., Mr. Arnold, 5128 and scq.; and I Amer. Commr. Rept., 1885, p. 211. 2 " Separate training schools for the Catholics." R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5148 and sej. ' 3 For instance, several at Berlin. Ib is curious to notice that " Prussia for centuries practically rejected the ' co-operation of women in the teaching of public schools ; and, except in the Catholic districts, where conventual establishments prevailed, the training of ' young women for the profession of teaching was not attempted till 1840."—Sir P. J. Keenan's Address, p, 42. Seo also R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5133. * Mr. M. Arnold's (May, 1886) rept., p. 17, where see details, and R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5G72 and seq., and 5733. • R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5726 and 5730. " The directory of the normal school is the post of reward for an elementary teacher; and generally the director is a man who has been an elementary teacher."—R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5145. ' For instance, in Wiirttemburg, 95 per cent, of the elem. I teachers have only an income of from 900 to 1,300 j , marks (or shillings); and widows a pension of from ' 200 to 500 marks. For further details, see Mr. M. Arnold's (May, 1886) rept., pp. 20 and 21 ; and Amer. Commr. Rept., 1885., pp. 211, 212, and R.E.C., 532G , and 5449. « See also R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 8655. i '.' See also B.E. rept., pp. 531 and 532.

10 Conditions vary in different States, but usually pensions computed according to duration of service. For some details, seo Mr. M. Arnold's (May, 1886) rept., p. 21 ; and R.E.C., 5150, 5124, 6291, and 2330. 11 See also Statute, dated 1885, for establishment of a fund for sick teachers at Berlin. 12 See Official Kegs., dated 1875, relating to the examination on removal of a child in Berlin primary schools from one class to another. 13 In Germany the Examiner confers and co-operates with the teacher, and is regarded by him as a counseller and fellow-worker —not as an excise officer or a detective. —"Journal of Ed.," July, 1886, p. 271. And note the Swiss system supra. The first resolution of the Congress of over 1,000 teachers, held at Hanover on 15 and 10 June, 1880, should not be overlooked. —"Journal of Ed.," 1 Aug., 1886, p. 320. For duties of Inspectors, see R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5089 and scq. For the class from which Inspectors are selected in Germany, see R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5094. But see 5197, 5254 and scq., 5256 and 5261. The local Inspector is the pfarrer (or parson). 14 p Ol . instance, at Leipsic University, ordinary ones range from £7 to £10 a year; but there is one of about £100 a year. See also R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5641 and scq. 15 See Govt. Regs, affecting head-masters of private schools in Berlin. 16 See Prussian Constitution, Art. xxiii., B.E. rept., p. 536; and Amer. Commr. Rept., 1885, p. 211.

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