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(c) The degree of importance of the external trade in the commodity to the economy of the Member country granting, and to the economies of the Member countries materially affected by, the subsidy; {d) The existence of price stabilization systems conforming to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 27 ; (e) The desirability of facilitating the gradual expansion of production for export in those areas able to satisfy world market requirements of the commodity concerned in the most effective and economic manner, and therefore of limiting any subsidies or other measures which make that expansion difficult. Section D. —State Trading and Related Matters Article 29 Non-discriminatory Treatment 1. (a) Each Member undertakes that if it establishes or maintains a state enterprise, wherever located, or grants to any enterprise, formally or in effect, exclusive or special privileges, such enterprise shall, in its purchases and sales involving either imports or exports, act in a manner consistent with the general principles of non-discriminatory treatment prescribed in this Charter for governmental measures affecting imports or exports by private traders. (b) The provisions of subparagraph (a) shall be understood to require that such enterprises shall, having due regard to the other provisions of this Charter, make any such purchases or sales solely in accordance with commercial considerations, including price, quality, availability, marketability, transportation and other conditions of purchase or sale, and shall afford the enterprises of the other Member countries adequate opportunity, in accordance with customary business practice, to compete for participation in such purchases or sales. (c) No Member shall prevent any enterprise (whether or not an enterprise described in subparagraph (a) ) under its jurisdiction from acting in accordance with the principles of subparagraphs (a) and (b). 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to imports of products purchased for governmental purposes and not with a view to commercial resale or with a view to use in the production of goods for commercial sale. With respect to such imports, and with respect to the laws, regulations and requirements referred to in paragraph 8 (a) of Article 18, each Member shall accord to the trade of the other Members fair and equitable treatment.